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使用者:Schenad/標準波士尼亞語、克羅埃西亞語、蒙特內哥羅語和塞爾維亞語之間的比較

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波士尼亞語、克羅埃西亞語、蒙特內哥羅語和塞爾維亞語使用者的地理分布圖(2006年)。黃色表示該區域使用塞爾維亞語的占人口的多數;紅色表示該區域使用克羅埃西亞語的占人口的多數;綠色表示該區域使用波士尼亞語的占人口的多數;藍色表示該區域使用蒙特內哥羅語的占人口的多數。

波士尼亞語克羅埃西亞語蒙特內哥羅語塞爾維亞語多中心語言——塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語的不同變種,被各個對應的國家用作他們官方的標準語[1][2][3]

歷史

In socialist Yugoslavia, the official policy insisted on one language with two standard varieties—Eastern (used in Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina by all ethnicities, either with the Ekavian or the Ijekavian accent) and Western (used in Croatia by all ethnicities, the Ijekavian accent only). However, due to discontent in Croatian intellectual circles, beginning in the late 1960s Croatian cultural workers started to refer to the language exclusively as 'the Croatian literary language', or sometimes 'the Croatian or Serbian language' (these two names were also prescribed in the Croatian constitution of 1974), as was common before Yugoslavia. The language was regarded as one common language with different variants and dialects. The unity of the language was emphasized, making the differences not an indicator of linguistic divisions, but rather factors enriching the 'common language' diversity. In addition, Yugoslavia had two other official languages on the federal level, Slovenian and Macedonian, reflecting Yugoslavia's acceptance of diversity with regards to language use. No attempts were made to assimilate those languages into the Serbo-Croatian language.

With the breakup of the Federation, in search of additional indicators of independent and separate national identities, language became a political instrument in virtually all of the new republics. With a boom of neologisms in Croatia, an additional emphasis on Turkisms in the Muslim parts of Bosnia and a privileged position of the Cyrillic script in Serb-inhabited parts of the new states, every state and entity showed a 'nationalization' of the language. The language in Bosnia started developing independently after Bosnia and Herzegovina declared independence in 1992. The independent development of the language in Montenegro became a topic among some Montenegrin academics in the 1990s.

Serbian and Bosnian language standards tend to be inclusive, i.e. to accept a wider range of idioms and to use loanwords (German and Turkish), whereas the Croatian language policy is more purist[4] and prefers neologisms[5] to loan-words, as well as the re-use of neglected older words.[6] Yet there is criticism of the puristic language policy even in Croatia, as exemplified by linguist Snježana Kordić. These approaches are, again, due to the different cultural, historical and political development of the three variants and the societies they are found in.

書面語

Linguistic structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina by municipalities 2013

Script

Though all of the language variants could theoretically use either, the scripts differ:

  • Bosnian and Montenegrin officially use both the Latin and Cyrillic scripts, but the Latin is in widespread use.
  • Croatian exclusively uses the Latin alphabet.
  • Serbian uses both the Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Cyrillic is the official script of the administration in Serbia and Republika Srpska, but the Latin script is most widely used in media and especially on the Internet.

Phonemes

All standard languages have the same set of 30 regular phonemes, so the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian Latin and Serbian Cyrillic alphabets map one to one with one another and with the phoneme inventory.

Some linguists analyze the yat reflexes je and ije, commonly realized as [ie] in Croatian and Bosnian dialects, as a separate phoneme – "jat diphthong" – or even two phonemes, one short and one long. There are even several proposals by Croatian linguists for an orthography reform concerning these two diphthongs, but they have not been seriously considered for implementation.

The ongoing standardization of Montenegrin has introduced two new letters, Ś and Ź, for the sounds [ɕ] and [ʑ] respectively. These are optional spellings of the digraphs sj and zj. Critics note that [ɕ] and [ʑ] are merely allophones of /sj/ and /zj/ in Herzegovinian dialects such as Montenegrin, so the new letters are not required for an adequate orthography.

Most dialects of Serbia originally lack the phoneme /x/, instead having /j/, /v/, or nothing (silence). /x/ was introduced with language unification, and the Serbian standard allows for some doublets such as snajasnaha and hajdeajde. However, in other words, especially those of foreign origin, h is mandatory.

In some regions of Croatia and Bosnia, sounds for letters č (realized as [tʃ] in most other dialects) and ć [tɕ] merged or nearly merged, usually into [tʃ]. The same happened with their voiced counterparts, i.e. and đ merged into [dʒ]. As result, speakers of those dialects often have difficulties distinguishing these sounds.

Orthography

Serbian language usually phonetically transcribes foreign names and words (although both transcription and transliteration are allowed), whereas the Croatian standard usually transliterates. Bosnian also usually follows the Serbian model.

Also, when the subject of the future tense is omitted, producing a reversal of the infinitive and auxiliary "ću", only the final "i" of the infinitive is orthographically elided in Croatian and Bosnian, whereas in Serbian the two have merged into a single word:

  • "Uradit ću to." (Croatian/Bosnian)
  • "Uradiću to." (Serbian/Montenegrin)

語法

Accentuation

In general, the Shtokavian dialects that represent the foundation of the four standard languages have four pitch accents on stressed syllables: falling tone on a short vowel, written e.g. ı̏ in dictionaries; rising tone on a short vowel, written e.g. ì; falling tone on a long vowel, written e.g. î; and rising tone on a long vowel, written e.g. í. In addition, the following unstressed vowel may be either short, i, or long, ī. In declension and verb conjugation, accent shifts, both by type and position, are very frequent.

The distinction between four accents and preservation of post accent lengths is common in vernaculars of western Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in parts of Serbia, as well as in parts of Croatia with strong Serb immigration. In addition, a distinct characteristics of some vernaculars is stress shift to proclitics, e.g. phrase u Bosni (in Bosnia) will be pronounced /ǔ bosni/ instead of /u bôsni/ as in northern parts of Serbia.

The northern vernaculars in Serbia also preserve the four-accent system, but the unstressed lengths have been shortened or disappeared in some positions. However, the shortening of post-accent lengths is in progress in all Shtokavian vernaculars, even in those most conservative in Montenegro. Stress shift to enclitics is, however, in northern Serbia rare and mostly limited to negative verb constructs (ne znam = I don't know > /nê znaːm/).

The situation in Croatia, is however, different. A large proportion of speakers of Croatian, especially those coming from Zagreb, do not distinguish between rising and falling accents.[7][8] This is considered to be a feature of the Zagreb dialect, which has strong Kajkavian influence, rather than Standard Croatian.

Regardless of vernacular differences, all three standard languages exclusively promote the Neo-Shtokavian four-accentual system. Both dialects that are considered to be the basis of Standard Serbian (Eastern Herzegovinian and Šumadija-Vojvodina dialects) have four accents.

發音特點

特點 克羅埃西亞語[9] 波士尼亞語[10] 塞爾維亞語[11] 英語 漢語
調換 -u/e burza berza stock exchange 證券交易所
porculan porcelan
porculan
porcelan porcelain 瓷器
調換 -u/i tanjur tanjir plate
調換 -u/o barun baron baron 男爵
krumpir krompir potato 土豆
調換 -i/o(j) ubojstvo ubistvo murder 謀殺
djelomično djelimično d(j)elimično partially 部分
調換 -io/iju milijun milion million 百萬
調換 l/t 之後的 -i/je proljev proljev
proliv
proliv diarrhoea 腹瀉
stjecaj stjecaj
sticaj
sticaj coincidence 巧合
調換 -s/z inzistirati insistirati insist 堅持
調換 -s/c financije finansije finance 財務
調換 -t/ć plaća plata salary 工資
sretan srećan happy 高興
調換 -št/šć korištenje korišćenje usage 用法
調換 -k/h kor hor choir 合唱
kirurg hirurg surgeon 外科醫生
調換 o 之後的 -l/-o sol so salt
vol vo ox
kolčić kočić
kolčić
kočić stick 衣夾
塞爾維亞人常略去「h」: čahura čaura cartridge 殼、繭
hrvač rvač wrestler 摔跤手
hrđa rđa rust
塞爾維亞人常省略末尾的「r」: jučer juče yesterday 昨天
večer veče evening
također takođe also

Morphology

There are three principal "pronunciations" (izgovori/изговори) of the Štokavian dialect that differ in their reflexes of the proto-Slavic vowel jat vowel. Illustrated by the Common Slavic word for "child", dě, they are:

  • dite in the Ikavian pronunciation
  • dijete in the Ijekavian pronunciation
  • dete in the Ekavian pronunciation

The Serbian language recognizes Ekavian and Ijekavian as equally valid pronunciations, whereas Croatian and Bosnian accept only the Ijekavian pronunciation. In Bosnia and Herzegovina (regardless of the official language) and in Montenegro, the Ijekavian pronunciation is used almost exclusively.

Ikavian pronunciation is nonstandard, and is limited to dialectal use in Dalmatia, Lika, Istria, central Bosnia (area between Vrbas and Bosna), Western Herzegovina, Bosanska Krajina, Slavonia and northern Bačka (Vojvodina). So, for example:

English Ekavian Ijekavian Ikavian
wind vetar vjetar vitar
milk mleko mlijeko mliko
to want hteti htjeti htiti
arrow strela strijela strila
But:
small arrow strelica strilica

A few Croatian linguists have tried to explain the following differences in morphological structure for some words, with the introduction of a new vowel, "jat diphthong". This is not the opinion of most linguists.

Sometimes this leads to confusion: Serbian poticati (to stem from) is in Croatian and Bosnian "to encourage". Croatian and Bosnian "to stem from" is potjecati, whereas Serbian for "encourage" is podsticati.

English Croatian Bosnian Serbian
add by pouring dolijevati dolijevati
dolivati
dolivati
diarrhea proljev proliv
proljev
proliv
gulf, bay zaljev zaliv
zaljev
zaliv
to influence utjecati utjecati
uticati
uticati

Standard Bosnian allows both variants, and ambiguities are resolved by preferring the Croatian variant; this is a general practice for Serbian–Croatian ambiguities.

The phoneme /x/ (written as h) has been volatile in eastern South Slavic dialects. In Serbian and some Croatian dialects (including some of those in Slavonia), it has been replaced with /j/, /v/, or elided, and subsequent standardization sanctioned those forms:

English Bosnian and Croatian Serbian
ear uho uvo
uho
fly muha muva
to cook kuhati kuvati
sister-in-law snaha snaja
rust rđa
hrđa
rđa
to wrestle rvati
hrvati
rvati

However, /x/ and /ɛf/ have been kept in many words as a distinct feature of Bosnian speech and language tradition, particularly under influence of Turkish and Arabic, and even introduced in some places where it etymologically did not exist. Those forms are now also accepted in standard Bosnian:[12][13]

English Bosnian Croatian Serbian
easy lahko
lako
lako
soft mehko
meko
meko
coffee kahva
kafa
kava kafa
balm mehlem
melem
melem
sheet čaršaf
čaršav
plahta čaršav
cage kafez
kavez
kavez
moulder truhnuti
trunuti
trunuti
defect mahana
mana
mana
scarf mahrama
marama
rubac
marama
marama

Because the Ijekavian pronunciation is common to all official standards, it will be used for examples on this page. Other than this, examples of different morphology are:

English Croatian Bosnian Serbian (Ijekavian) Montenegrin[14]
point točka tačka
correct točno tačno
municipality općina opština
priest svećenik svećenik
sveštenik
sveštenik svještenik
male student student
female student studentica studentkinja
male professor profesor
female professor profesorica profesorica
profesorka
profesorica
scientist znanstvenik naučnik
translator prevoditelj prevodilac
prevoditelj
prevodilac
reader čitatelj čitalac
čitatelj
čitalac
But:
assembly skupština
thinker mislilac
diver ronilac
teacher učitelj
writer pisac
spisatelj
female writer spisateljica spisateljica
spisateljka
spisateljica

Internationalisms

Also many internationalisms and transliterations are different:

English Croatian Bosnian Serbian
to organize organizirati organizirati
organizovati
organizovati
to construct konstruirati konstruirati
konstruisati
konstruisati
But:
to analyse analizirati

(cf. German organisieren, konstruieren, analysieren)

Historically, modern-age internationalisms entered Bosnian and Croatian mostly through German and Italian, whereas they entered Serbian through French and Russian, so different localization patterns were established based on those languages. Also, Greek borrowings came to Serbian directly, but through Latin into Croatian:

English Croatian Bosnian Serbian Note
Armenia Armenija Ermenija Jermenija Through Latin and Venetian in Croatian, through Greek and French in Serbian, through Turkish in Bosnian
Athens Atena Atina
Crete Kreta Krit
Cyprus Cipar Kipar
Europe Europa Evropa
Jerusalem Jeruzalem Jerusalem Jerusalim
Latvia Latvija Letonija
Lithuania Litva Litvanija
Portugal Portugal Portugalija
Romania Rumunjska Rumunija
Spain Španjolska Španija
chlorine klor hlor
diplomacy diplomacija diplomatija
diplomacija
diplomatija
impedance otpor impedanca impedansa All from French impédance, Italianized ending in Croatian (cf. impedenza)
certificate certifikat sertifikat All from Latin certificatum, Frenchized beginning in Serbian (cf. certificat)
But:
license licenca Through Latin in all three
tendency tendencija

Most of terms for chemical elements are different: for international names, Bosnian and Croatian use -ij where Serbian has -ijum (uranijuranijum). In some native names, Croatian have -ik where Serbian has -(o)nik (kisikkiseonik 'oxygen', vodikvodonik 'hydrogen') and Bosnian accepts all variants. Yet others are totally different (dušikazot 'nitrogen', kositarkalaj 'tin'). Some element names are the same: srebro (silver), zlato (gold), bakar (copper).

Some other imported words differ by grammatical gender, feminine words having an -a suffix and masculine words having a zero-suffix:

English Croatian Bosnian Serbian
minute (n.) minuta minuta
minut
minut
minuta (allowed)
second (n.) sekunda sekund
sekunda
But:
planet planet planeta
comet komet kometa
territory teritorij teritorija
mystery misterij misterija

Pronouns

In Serbian and Bosnian, the pronoun what is što when used as a relative, but šta when used as an interrogative; the latter applies also to relative sentences with interrogative meaning. Croatian uses što in all contexts (but in colloquial speech, "šta" is often used).

English Croatian Bosnian and Serbian
What did he say? Što je rekao? Šta je rekao?
Ask him what he said. Pitaj ga što je rekao. Pitaj ga šta je rekao.
What he said was a lie. To što je rekao je laž.

This is applicable only to the nominative and the accusative – in all other cases, the standards have the same forms: čega, čemu etc. for što.

In Croatian, the pronoun who has the form tko, whereas in Serbian, Bosnian and Montenegrin it has ko, but again, in colloquial speech, the initial "t" is usually omitted. The declension is the same: kome, koga, etc. In addition, Croatian uses komu as an alternative form in the dative case.

Usage of locative pronouns gd(j)e, kuda, and kamo differs between Serbian and Croatian (the latter not being used in Serbian):

English Croatian Bosnian and Serbian (Ijekavian) Montenegrin
Where will you be? Gdje ćeš biti? Đe ćeš da budeš?
Where will you go? Kamo ćeš ići? Gdje ćeš ići? Đe ćeš da ideš?
Which way will you go? Kuda ćeš ići?

Syntax

Infinitive versus subjunctive

With modal verbs such as ht(j)eti (want) or moći (can), the infinitive is prescribed in Croatian, whereas the construction da (that/to) + present tense is preferred in Serbian. This subjunctive of sorts is possibly an influence of the Balkan sprachbund. Again, both alternatives are present and allowed in Bosnian (the first one is preferred in orthography, the latter is more common in colloquial language).

The sentence "I want to do that" could be translated with any of

  • Hoću to da uradim.
  • Hoću to učiniti.

This difference partly extends to the future tense, which in Serbo-Croatian is formed in a similar manner to English, using (elided) present of verb "ht(j)eti" → "hoću"/"hoćeš"/... > "ću"/"ćeš"/... as auxiliary verb. Here, the infinitive is formally required in both variants:

  • Ja ću to uraditi. (I shall do that.)

However, when da+present is used instead, it can additionally express the subject's will or intention to perform the action:

  • Ja ću to da uradim. (I will do that.)

This form is more frequently used in Serbia and Bosnia. The nuances in meaning between the two constructs can be slight or even lost (especially in Serbian dialects), in similar manner as the shall/will distinction varies across English dialects. Overuse of da+present is regarded as Germanism in Serbian linguistic circles, and it can occasionally lead to awkward sentences.

However, Croatians seldom naturally use da+present form. Instead, a different form can be used to express will:

  • Ja hoću to uraditi. (I want to do that.)

(The sentence would sound more Croatian, but keep the same meaning, if it stated: "Želim to učiniti.", as "uraditi" is uncommon in Croatian).

Interrogative constructs

In interrogative and relative constructs, Croatian uses the interrogative participle li after the verb, whereas Serbian also allows forms with da li. (A similar situation exists in French, where a question can be formed either by inversion or using est-ce que, and can be stretched in English with modal verbs):

  • Možeš li? (Can you?) (Croatian)
  • Both Možeš li? and Da li možeš? (Can you, Do you can?) are common in Serbian.

In addition, non-standard je li ("Is it?"), usually elided to je l' , is vernacular for forming all kinds of questions, e.g. Je l' možeš?. In standard language, it is used only in questions involving auxiliary verb je (="is"):

  • Je li moguće? (Is it possible?) (Croatian)
  • Both Je li moguće? and Da li je moguće? are common in Serbian.

In summary, the English sentence "I want to know whether I'll start working" would typically read:

  • Želim da znam hoću li početi da radim. (spoken Serbian)
  • Želim znati hoću li početi raditi. (spoken Croatian)

although many in-between combinations could be met in vernacular speech, depending on speaker's dialect, idiolect, or even mood.

The Croatian avoidance of da li is largely an expression of prescriptivism. In everyday speech in Croatia, da li is used, in fact, extensively, but avoided in written language.

Trebati

In formal Croatian, verb trebati (need or should) is transitive, as in English.[15] In Serbian and Bosnian, it is impersonal, like the French il faut, or the English construct is necessary (to); the grammatical subject is either omitted (it), or presents the object of needing; the person that needs something is an indirect grammatical object, in the dative case.[16] The latter usage is, however, also encountered in Croatian, especially in spoken form.):

Serbian and Bosnian English (literal trans.) Croatian English
Petru treba novac. To Peter is necessary money. Petar treba novac. Peter needs money.
Ne trebam ti. I am not necessary to you. Ne trebaš me. You do not need me.
Ne trebaš mi. You are not necessary to me. Ne trebam te. I do not need you.
Treba da radim. It is necessary that I work. Trebam raditi. I need to work.

Vocabulary

Examples

The greatest differences between the standards is in vocabulary. However, most words are well understood, and even occasionally used, in the other standards. In most cases, common usage favors one variant and the other(s) are regarded as "imported", archaic, dialectal, or simply more rarely used. The preference for certain words depends on the speaker's geographic origin rather than ethnicity; for example, Serbs from Bosnia use "mrkva" and "hlače" rather than "šargarepa" and "pantalone".

English Croatian Bosnian Serbian Montenegrin
one thousand tisuća hiljada (preferred)
tisuća (allowed)
hiljada
January[17] siječanj januar (preferred)
siječanj (allowed)
januar
factory tvornica fabrika
tvornica
fabrika
rice riža pirinač
riža
carrot mrkva šargarepa
mrkva
trousers hlače hlače
pantalone
pantalone
music[18] glazba muzika
glazba
muzika
library[18] knjižnica biblioteka
bread kruh hljeb
kruh
hleb hljeb
millennium milenij milenijum
century stoljeće vijek
stoljeće
vek (vijek) vijek
spinach špinat špinat
spanać
spanać
football nogomet nogomet1
fudbal
fudbal
train vlak voz
wave val val
talas
talas
val
val
person osoba osoba
lice
lice
osoba
uncivil neodgojen nevaspitan
one's own osobno
vlastito
vlastito
sopstveno
sopstveno
vlastito
road cesta
put
put
drum
put
cesta
road toll cestarina drumarina
putarina
putarina
But:
dad tata tata
babo
tata tata

babo

tomato rajčica paradajz
rajčica (allowed)
paradajz paradajz

1 Bosniak linguists claim that word "nogomet" is used in Bosnian (same as in Croatian); still, the form "fudbal" is in majority use among Bosniaks (see FK Sarajevo, FK Mladost Doboj Kakanj and FK Velež).

English Croatian Bosnian Serbian
to accept prihvaćati prihvaćati
prihvatati
prihvatati
happy, lucky sretan sretan srećan
to comprehend shvaćati shvaćati
shvatati
shvatati
But:
to catch hvatati

Note that there are only a few differences that can cause confusion, for example the verb "ličiti" means "to look like" in Serbian and Bosnian, but in Croatian it is "sličiti"; "ličiti" means "to paint (a house)". However, "ličiti" is often used Croatian in the meaning of "to look like".

The word "bilo" means "white" in the Ikavian accent, "pulse" in official Croatian, and "was" in all official languages, although it is not so confusing when pronounced because of different accentuation (bîlo or bílo = white, bı̏lo = pulse, bílo = was).

In Serbian and Bosnian, the word izvanredan (extraordinary) has only the positive meaning (excellent), vanredan being used for "unusual" or "out of order"; however, only izvanredan is used in Croatian in both contexts.

Also note that in most cases Bosnian officially allows almost all of the listed variants in the name of "language richness", and ambiguities are resolved by preferring the Croatian variant. Bosnian vocabulary writers based their decisions on usage of certain words in literary works by Bosnian authors.

Names of the months

The months have Slavic-derived names in Croatian, wheres Serbian and Bosnian have almost the same set of international Latin-derived names as English. The Slavic-derived names may also be used in Bosnian[來源請求], but the international names are preferred.

English Croatian Bosnian Serbian
January siječanj januar
February veljača februar
March ožujak mart
April travanj april
May svibanj maj
June lipanj juni jun
July srpanj juli jul
August kolovoz august avgust
September rujan septembar
October listopad oktobar
November studeni novembar
December prosinac decembar

The international names of the months are well understood in Croatia and are used in several fixed expressions such as Prvi Maj (May 1), Prvi April (April Fools' Day) or Oktobarska revolucija (October Revolution).

In spoken Croatian and in western Bosnia it is common to refer to a month by its number. Therefore, many speakers refer to the month of May as peti mjesec ("the fifth month"). Saying sedmi peti (seventh of fifth) would be the equivalent of May 7.

Miscellaneous

  • Pronunciation and vocabulary differs among dialects spoken within Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia themselves. Each larger region has its own pronunciation and it is reasonably easy to guess where a speaker is from by their accent and/or vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary can be particularly different from the official standards.
This is one of the arguments for claiming it is all one and the same language: there are more differences within the territories of the official languages themselves than there are between the standards (all three of which are based on the same Neo-Štokavian dialect). This is not surprising, of course, for if the lines between the varieties were drawn not politically but linguistically, then there would be no borders at all. As Pavle Ivić explains, the continuous migration of Slavic populations during the five hundred years of Turkish rule has scattered the local dialects all around.
  • When Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs talk amongst each other, the other speakers usually understand them completely, save for the odd word, and quite often, they will know what that means (much as with British and American English speakers). Nevertheless, when communicating with each other, there is a habit to use terms that are familiar to everyone, with the intent to avoid not being understood and/or confusion. For example, to avoid confusion with the names of the months, they can be referred to as the "first month", "second month" and so on, or the Latin-derived names can be used if "first month" itself is ambiguous, which makes it perfectly understandable for everyone. In Serbia, the names of the months are the international ones so again they are understandable for anyone who knows English or another Western European language.
  • Even during the time of Yugoslavia it was common for publishers to do some adaptations to "Eastern" or "Western" standard. Especially translations were and are changed by the lectors. It is to be considered that Croatian and Serbian standards have completely different scientific terminology[來源請求]. Jung's masterpiece "Psychology and Alchemy" was translated into Croatian in 1986, and adapted in the late 1990s into Serbian. Ivo Andrić had some problems in Croatia with publishers who changed his infinitive constructions and other expressions. Eventually, he managed to forbid that kind of intervention. In Montenegro, the publisher CID switched from the Ekavian to the Ijekavian accent after Montenegro's independence.

Language samples

The following samples, taken from article 1 to 6 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, are "synonymous texts, translated as literally as possible" in the sense of Ammon[19] designed to demonstrate the differences between the standard varieties treated in this article in a continuous text.

Croatian[20] Bosnian[21] Serbian[22] English[23]
Opća deklaracija o pravima čovjeka Opća deklaracija o pravima čovjeka Opšta deklaracija o pravima čov(j)eka Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Članak 1. Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva. Član 1. Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva. Član 1. Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sv(ij)ešću i treba da jedno prema drugome postupaju u duhu bratstva. Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Članak 2. Svakome su dostupna sva prava i slobode navedene u ovoj Deklaraciji bez razlike bilo koje vrste, kao što su rasa, boja, spol, jezik, vjera, političko ili drugo mišljenje, nacionalno ili društveno porijeklo, imovina, rođenje ili drugi pravni položaj.
Nadalje, ne smije se činiti bilo kakva razlika na osnovi političkog, pravnog ili međunarodnog položaja zemlje ili područja kojima neka osoba pripada, bilo da je to područje neovisno, pod starateljstvom, nesamoupravno, ili da se nalazi ma pod kojima drugim ograničenjima suverenosti.
Član 2. Svakome su dostupna sva prava i slobode navedene u ovoj Deklaraciji bez razlike bilo koje vrste, kao što su rasa, boja, spol, jezik, vjera, političko ili drugo mišljenje, narodnosno ili društveno porijeklo, imovina, rođenje ili drugi pravni položaj.
Nadalje, ne smije se činiti bilo kakva razlika na osnovu političkog, pravnog ili međunarodnog položaja zemlje ili područja kojima neka osoba pripada, bilo da je ovo područje nezavisno, pod starateljstvom, nesamoupravno, ili da se nalazi ma pod kojim drugim ograničenjima suverenosti.
Član 2. Svakome su dostupna sva prava i slobode navedene u ovoj Deklaraciji bez razlike bilo koje vrste, kao što su rasa, boja, pol, jezik, v(j)era, političko ili drugo mišljenje, narodnosno ili društveno por(ij)eklo, imovina, rođenje ili drugi pravni položaj.
Nadalje, ne sm(ij)e da se čini bilo kakva razlika na osnovu političkog, pravnog ili međunarodnog položaja zemlje ili područja kojima neko lice pripada, bilo da je ovo područje nezavisno, pod starateljstvom, nesamoupravno, ili da se nalazi ma pod kojim drugim ograničenjima suverenosti.
Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Članak 3. Svatko ima pravo na život, slobodu i osobnu sigurnost. Član 3. Svako ima pravo na život, slobodu i osobnu sigurnost. Član 3. Svako ima pravo na život, slobodu i ličnu bezb(j)ednost. Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Članak 4. Nitko ne smije biti držan u ropstvu ili ropskom odnosu; ropstvo i trgovina robljem zabranjuju se u svim svojim oblicima. Član 4. Niko ne smije biti držan u ropstvu ili ropskom odnosu; ropstvo i trgovina robljem zabranjuje se u svim njihovim oblicima. Član 4. Niko ne sm(ij)e da bude držan u ropstvu ili ropskom odnosu; ropstvo i trgovina robljem zabranjuje se u svim njihovim formama. Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Članak 5. Nitko ne smije biti podvrgnut mučenju ili okrutnom, nečovječnom ili ponižavajućem postupku ili kažnjavanju. Član 5. Niko ne smije biti podvrgnut mučenju ili okrutnom, nečovječnom ili ponižavajućem postupku ili kažnjavanju. Član 5. Niko ne sm(ij)e da bude podvrgnut mučenju ili okrutnom, nečov(j)ečnom ili ponižavajućem postupku ili kažnjavanju. Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Članak 6. Svatko ima pravo da se svagdje pred zakonom priznaje kao osoba. Član 6. Svako ima pravo da se svagdje pred zakonom priznaje kao osoba. Član 6. Svako ima pravo da svuda bude priznat kao pravni subjekt. Article 6. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
Standard Croatian[24] Montenegrin[25] English
Opća deklaracija o ljudskim pravima Univerzalna deklaracija o ljudskim pravima Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Članak 1. Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sviješću te trebaju jedna prema drugima postupati u duhu bratstva. Član 1. Sva ljudska bića rađaju se slobodna i jednaka u dostojanstvu i pravima. Ona su obdarena razumom i sv(ij)ešću i treba da jedni prema drugima da postupaju u duhu bratstva. Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Članak 2. Svakome pripadaju sva prava i slobode utvrđene u ovoj Deklaraciji bez razlike bilo koje vrste, kao što je rasa, boja kože, političko ili drugo mišljenje, nacionalno ili društveno podrijetlo, imovina, rođenje ili drugi status.
Nadalje, ne smije se praviti nikakva razlika na osnovu političkog, pravnog ili međunarodnog statusa zemlje ili područja kojemu neka osoba pripada, bilo da je to područje neovisno, pod starateljstvom, nesamoupravno, ili mu je na neki drugi način ograničen suverenitet.
Član 2. Svakom pripadaju sva prava i slobode proglašene u ovoj Deklaraciji bez ikakvih razlika u pogledu rase, boje, pol, jezika, vjeroispovijesti, političkog ili drugog mišljenja, nacionalnog ili društvenog porijekla, imovine, rođenja ili drugih okolnosti.
Dalje, neće se praviti nikakva razlika na osnovu političkog, pravnog ili međunarodnog statusa zemlje ili teritorije kojoj neko lice pripada, bilo da je ona nezavisna, pod starateljstvom, nesamoupravna, ili da joj je suverenost na ma koji drugi način ograničena.
Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Članak 3. Svatko ima pravo na život, slobodu i osobnu sigurnost. Član 3. Svako ima pravo na život, slobodu i bezbijednost ličnosti. Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
Članak 4. Nitko se ne smije držati u ropstvu ili ropstvu sličnom odnosu; ropstvo i trgovina robljem zabranjuju se u svim svojim oblicima. Član 4. Niko se ne smije držati u ropstvu ili potčinjenosti: ropstvo i trgovina robljem zabranjeni su u svim svojim oblicima. Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Članak 5. Nitko se ne smije podvrgnuti mučenju ili okrutnom, nečovječnom ili ponižavajućem postupku ili kazni. Član 5. Niko se ne smije podvrgnuti mučenju ili svirepom, nečovječnom ili ponižavajućem postupku ili kažnjavanju. Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
Članak 6. Svatko ima pravo da ga se svugdje pred zakonom priznaje kao osobu. Član 6. Svako ima pravo da svuda bude priznat kao pravni subjekt. Article 6. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

另見

參考資料

  1. ^ Bunčić, Daniel. Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen Standards [The (Re-)Nationalisation of Serbo-Croatian Standards]. Kempgen, Sebastian (編). Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008. Welt der Slaven. Munich: Otto Sagner. 2008: 93. OCLC 238795822 (德語). 
  2. ^ Gröschel, Bernhard. Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit [Serbo-Croatian Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics ; vol 34. Munich: Lincom Europa. 2009: 451. ISBN 978-3-929075-79-3. LCCN 2009473660. OCLC 428012015. OL 15295665W (德語). 
  3. ^ Kordić, Snježana. Jezik i nacionalizam [Language and Nationalism] (PDF). Rotulus Universitas. Zagreb: Durieux. 2010: 430 [6 April 2014]. ISBN 978-953-188-311-5. LCCN 2011520778. OCLC 729837512. OL 15270636W. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於8 July 2012) (塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語). 
  4. ^ Kordić, Snježana. Purismo e censura linguistica in Croazia oggi [Purism and censorship of language in Croatia nowadays]. Studi Slavistici (Florence). 2008, 5: 281–297 [9 May 2013]. ISSN 1824-761X. OCLC 835514860. ZDB-ID 2182164-1. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於8 August 2012) (義大利語). 
  5. ^ Kordić, Snježana. Sprache und Nationalismus in Kroatien [Language and Nationalism in Croatia] (PDF). Symanzik, Bernhard (編). Studia Philologica Slavica: Festschrift für Gerhard Birkfellner zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet von Freunden, Kollegen und Schülern: Teilband I. Münstersche Texte zur Slavistik, vol. 4. Berlin: Lit. 2006: 337–348 [22 March 2015]. ISBN 3-8258-9891-1. OCLC 315818880. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於8 August 2012) (德語).  (ÖNB).
  6. ^ Kordić, Snježana. Što je (ne)standardno za kroatiste? [What is (non)standard for Croatists?] (PDF). Bierich, Alexander (編). Varietäten im Slavischen. Heidelberger Publikationen zur Slavistik, Linguistische Reihe, vol. 17. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. 2009: 313–330 [3 October 2014]. ISBN 978-3-631-57010-4. LCCN 2009502912. OCLC 319695935. (原始內容存檔 (PDF)於8 August 2012) (塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語). 
  7. ^ A Handbook of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, Wayles Brown and Theresa Alt, SEELRC 2004
  8. ^ Lexical, Pragmatic, and Positional Effects on Prosody in Two Dialects of Croatian and Serbian, Rajka Smiljanic 網際網路檔案館存檔,存檔日期2007-08-18., Routledge, ISBN 0-415-97117-9
  9. ^ 例子來自於:http://hjp.znanje.hr/
  10. ^ 例子來自於:Rječnik bosanskog jezika. Sarajevo, 2007. Rječnik bosanskoga jezika. Sarajevo, 2010.
  11. ^ 例子來自於:Rečnik srpskoga jezika. Novi Sad, 2011.
  12. ^ Jahić, Dževad. Bosanski Jezik U 100 Pitanja i 100 Odgovora. : 220–221 (塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語). 
  13. ^ Jahić, Ahmed. Glas H u bosanskom jeziku. 
  14. ^ Examples are given by Pravopis crnogorskoga jezika i rječnik crnogorskoga jezika. Podgorica, 2009.
  15. ^ Trebati. Hrvatski jezični portal (塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語). 
  16. ^ VI.Sintaksa §4, Kartoteka jezičkih nedoumica, Odbor za standardizaciju srpskog jezika (塞爾維亞-克羅埃西亞語) 
  17. ^ All month names are different. See below for full table.
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 Roland Sussex; Paul V. Cubberley. The Slavic languages. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 74 [19 October 2011]. ISBN 978-0-521-22315-7. 
  19. ^ Ammon, Ulrich. Die deutsche Sprache in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: das Problem der nationalen Varietäten [German Language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland: The Problem of National Varieties]. Berlin & New York: Walter de Gruyter. 1995: 6. OCLC 33981055 (德語). 
  20. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 
  21. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Bosnian (Latin script). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 
  22. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian (Latin script). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 
  23. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 
  24. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian. Narodne novine, the official gazette of the Republic of Croatia. 
  25. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Serbian (Latin script) (PDF). The Office of the Ombudsman of Montenegro. 

外部連結

[[Category:語言爭議]] [[Category:塞尔维亚语]]