病毒血症

病毒血症（英文：Viremia）是指病毒侵入血液系统的状况，病毒可由此进入身体其它部分。^[1]^[2] 病毒血症与菌血症相似，后者指细菌侵入血液。^[2]

阶段

初期病毒血症指的是病毒从最初感染点开始在血液中的扩散，一般持续4-5天；二期病毒血症指的是病毒通过血液系统感染了其它组织，此期间病毒（在新感染细胞内）已经进行了病毒复制（英语：Viral replication）并再次进入血液循环。^[3] 通常情况下，二期病毒血症会有更大量的病毒排出（英语：Viral shedding）、病毒载量，这是因为病毒利用血液系统能找到自然宿主细胞，从而进行更高效地复制（相比在最初感染点）。^[4]

最典型的例子之一就是狂犬病病毒，该病毒在最初感染点（如动物咬伤的肌肉处）可进行简短的复制，并引发初期病毒血症，此后病毒会散播到中枢神经系统、引发二期病毒血症，而患者也开始出现狂犬病症状。^[5] 当到了二期病毒血症时，接种狂犬病疫苗已经无效，病毒侵入大脑已无法被阻止。^[6] 因此，接种疫苗必须在二期病毒血症之前。

机制

主动型病毒血症是由于病毒的主动复制而导致病毒进入血液，典型的例子包括麻疹病毒。^[7] 而被动型病毒血症则无需病毒主动复制，典型例子包括蚊虫叮咬、输血、物理伤害等导致病毒直接进入血液。^[8]

参见

败血症

参考文献

^ Viremia - an overview. ScienceDirect. [2021-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-20）（英语）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Definition of Viremia. MedicineNet. [2021-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-21）（英语）.
^ Mechanisms of Infection and Spread of Viruses through the Body. 詹姆斯·麦迪逊大学. [2021-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-08）（英语）.
^ Cerino A, Bissolati M, Cividini A, Nicosia A, Esumi M, Hayashi N, Mizuno K, Slobbe R, Oudshoorn P, Silini E, Asti M, Mondelli MU. Antibody responses to the hepatitis C virus E2 protein: relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-HCV seronegative subjects. J Med Virol. Jan 1997, 51 (1): 1–5. PMID 8986942. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199701)51:1<1::aid-jmv1>3.3.co;2-3.
^ Lodmell DL, Dimcheff DE, Ewalt LC. Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice. Virus Res. (Submitted manuscript). Mar 2006, 116 (1–2): 114–8 [2021-04-01]. PMID 16242805. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.09.004. （原始内容存档于2020-07-09）.
^ Gribencha SV, Barinsky IF. Viraemia in rabies. Acta Virol. Jul 1982, 26 (4): 301.
^ Mulupuri, Prasad; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.; Hermann, Joseph; Johnson, Craig R.; Cano, Jean Paul; Yu, Wanqin; Dee, Scott A.; Murtaugh, Michael P. Antigen-Specific B-Cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Journal of Virology. 2008-1, 82 (1): 358–370. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 2224379 . PMID 17942527. doi:10.1128/JVI.01023-07. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Lai CJ, Goncalvez AP, Men R, Wernly C, Donau O, Engle RE, Purcell RH. Epitope determinants of a chimpanzee dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4)-neutralizing antibody and protection against DENV-4 challenge in mice and rhesus monkeys by passively transferred humanized antibody. J Virol. Dec 2007, 81 (23): 12766–74. PMC 2169078 . PMID 17881450. doi:10.1128/jvi.01420-07.

[1] Viremia - an overview. ScienceDirect. [2021-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-20）（英语）.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Definition of Viremia. MedicineNet. [2021-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-21）（英语）.

[3] Mechanisms of Infection and Spread of Viruses through the Body. 詹姆斯·麦迪逊大学. [2021-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2016-07-08）（英语）.

[4] Cerino A, Bissolati M, Cividini A, Nicosia A, Esumi M, Hayashi N, Mizuno K, Slobbe R, Oudshoorn P, Silini E, Asti M, Mondelli MU. Antibody responses to the hepatitis C virus E2 protein: relationship to viraemia and prevalence in anti-HCV seronegative subjects. J Med Virol. Jan 1997, 51 (1): 1–5. PMID 8986942. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199701)51:1<1::aid-jmv1>3.3.co;2-3.

[5] Lodmell DL, Dimcheff DE, Ewalt LC. Viral RNA in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice. Virus Res. (Submitted manuscript). Mar 2006, 116 (1–2): 114–8 [2021-04-01]. PMID 16242805. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.09.004. （原始内容存档于2020-07-09）.

[6] Gribencha SV, Barinsky IF. Viraemia in rabies. Acta Virol. Jul 1982, 26 (4): 301.

[7] Mulupuri, Prasad; Zimmerman, Jeffrey J.; Hermann, Joseph; Johnson, Craig R.; Cano, Jean Paul; Yu, Wanqin; Dee, Scott A.; Murtaugh, Michael P. Antigen-Specific B-Cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection. Journal of Virology. 2008-1, 82 (1): 358–370. ISSN 0022-538X. PMC 2224379 . PMID 17942527. doi:10.1128/JVI.01023-07. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[8] Lai CJ, Goncalvez AP, Men R, Wernly C, Donau O, Engle RE, Purcell RH. Epitope determinants of a chimpanzee dengue virus type 4 (DENV-4)-neutralizing antibody and protection against DENV-4 challenge in mice and rhesus monkeys by passively transferred humanized antibody. J Virol. Dec 2007, 81 (23): 12766–74. PMC 2169078 . PMID 17881450. doi:10.1128/jvi.01420-07.

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