梅爾檸檬

梅爾檸檬
科学分类
界：	植物界 Plantae
演化支：	维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支：	被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支：	真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支：	蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目：	无患子目 Sapindales
科：	芸香科 Rutaceae
属：	柑橘属 Citrus
种：	梅爾檸檬 C. meyerii
二名法
	Citrus meyerii; Yu.Tanaka

梅爾檸檬（學名：Citrus meyerii），又名：北京柠檬、迈尔柠檬、迈耶柠檬、野柠檬、中国柠檬，是一种原产自中国的杂交柑橘属水果。不同于寻常柠檬和苦柠檬，这是枸櫞与橘/柚的杂交品种。^[1]

成龄树高约6至10英尺（2至3米），叶片深绿色带有光泽。花朵香气扑鼻，自内往外为紫色和白色。果实比纯正的柠檬更圆，成熟时呈深黄色，略带橙色调，并且口感较甜，低酸。这种柠檬的高酸性ph值介于在2和3之间，汁水酸性比纯水高至一万至十万倍。^[2]这种酸度水平可以将其用作消毒清洁剂。

植物猎人弗兰克·尼古拉斯·迈耶，被美国农业部派遣至亚洲收集新的植物物种，随后在中国本土发现了该柠檬品种。^[3]在1908年将其以S.P.I. #23028引进了美国。^[4]《今日医学新闻》发表一侧总结了几项研究的时事通讯，表明了这种柠檬可能对健康的一些益处，包括降低中风的风险，调节血压，预防癌症，并且高含量的维生素C可以加强免疫系统^[5]。另外果实中的植物化学物质可以帮助改善情绪，缓解焦虑和减轻体重。^[6]。

Citrus meyerii在中国通常被养在花盆中用作园艺植物。而在美国更为熟知用作食物，在20世纪70年代加州美食（英语：California Cuisine）兴起时，像是爱丽丝·沃特斯（英语：Alice Waters）的主厨们发掘了其中的美味^[7]^[8]，也随着瑪莎·史都華在她的菜谱里推荐起这种柠檬后，知名度迅速地被打响。^[3]

描述

Citrus × meyeri成龄树高约6至10英尺（2至3米），不过可以被修剪（英语：pruning）得更小。叶片深绿色带有光泽。花朵香气扑鼻，自内往外为紫色和白色。^[9]

果实黄色，比纯正的柠檬更圆。^[9]外果皮薄，带有香气，在成熟时呈深黄色，略带橘色调，汁胞也呈深黄色，相较于市面常见的里斯本与尤力克柠檬，口感微甜低酸，^[9]最多生有十个到二十个种子。

培育

Citrus meyerii有着体积小、耐寒和高产的特点，而被青睐用作园艺植物。且植株具有观赏性适合盆栽（英语：container garden）养殖。果实在众多柠檬品种中是最甜的之一，外果皮口感好也可被用作烹饪。^[10]盆栽地栽都可，树株每天至少需要8个小时的光照。在太阳猛烈的夏季需要注意避免过度光照。^[11]树株具有一定的耐寒性（英语：Hardiness (plants)），适合在温带生长。生命力相当强，栽种后第四年开始结果，在整个生命周期中会结出数千个柠檬。^{[來源請求]}土壤需要排水良好，干湿平衡。^[10]在生长期还需要施缓释性高氮肥料，可为了最大量收成，到了冬季除非是叶子发黄则不需要。^[12]一年四季都可结果，大多是在冬季收成。 ^[13]新生的分枝为了保护嫩芽形成突刺，之后会化成二级分枝。适当地修建可以给果实腾出适当空间，空气流通可维持植株的健康，免受疾病侵害。^[12]

凤蝶幼虫会非常着迷食用其新叶。

烹饪用途

汁水通常被用来调酒和柠檬水。还可腌制肉类，软化肌肉纤维改善口感。低pH可使肌肉蛋白质变性，使肉更具风味。还可以代替醋进行调味，改善蔬菜的外观和口感，起防腐剂的作用。^[14]外果皮蕴藏果胶，可用作食品的增稠剂和稳定剂，还可刨成削拿来增添风味。^[14] 叶片还可泡茶及腌肉。

改良

到了20世纪40年代中期，已经被广泛种植在加利福尼亚州。然而同时被发现这些无性繁殖的植株都是柑橘萎缩病毒（英语：Citrus tristeza virus）的带原者。^[15]为了保护其他柠檬树大部分都被销毁。

在20世纪50年代发现了一种无病毒品种果树，^[16]并于1975年经加利福尼亚大学认证为Citrus × meyeri 'Improved'。^[17]^[18]

参考文献

^ Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick. Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers. Annals of Botany. 2016, 11 (4): 565–583. PMC 4817432 . PMID 26944784. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw005.
^ Lemon Juice: Acidic or Alkaline, and Does It Matter?. Healthline. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）（英语）.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 O'Hara, Julie. The Meyer Lemon: More Than A Pretty Face. National Public Radio. 18 February 2009 [2009-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-16）. For more than a century, the Meyer lemon was known mostly for its looks. In its native China, it was primarily a decorative houseplant. The Meyer lemon might still be decorating homes today if it weren't for one man. In the early 1900s, the U.S. Department of Agriculture sent Frank N. Meyer, an agricultural explorer (yes, that was his actual job title) on several trips to Asia with the mission of collecting new plant species. Among more than 2,500 plants that he introduced to the U.S., the Meyer lemon was named in his honor. Sadly, Meyer would never live to see the success of his namesake. He died on an expedition near Shanghai in 1918.
^ Lemon. Hort.purdue.edu. [2014-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-26）.
^ Lemons: Benefits, nutrition, tips, and risks. www.medicalnewstoday.com. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）.
^ Kennedy, D O; Wake, G; Savelev, S; Tildesley, N T J; Perry, E K; Wesnes, K A; Scholey, A B. Modulation of Mood and Cognitive Performance Following Acute Administration of Single Doses of Melissa Officinalis (Lemon Balm) with Human CNS Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptor-Binding Properties. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003-05-15, 28 (10): 1871–1881. ISSN 0893-133X. PMID 12888775. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300230 .
^ Lowry, Patricia. When life hands you Meyer lemons, life is sweet. 匹兹堡邮报 (Pittsburgh). February 12, 2009 [2020-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-23）. Meyer lemons are sweet, thin-skinned and famous for their ethereal perfume. Although common in California backyards, they are just beginning to be commercialized. Ask your friends or relatives in California to send you some," Alice Waters wrote in her Chez Panisse Cafe Cookbook in 1999. A decade later you don't have to beg, thanks in part to Waters' championing of the Meyer and to more growers entering commercial production.
^ Domestic Programs. Slow Food USA. [2014-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-24）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Christman, Steve. 1067 Citrus meyeri. Floridata. 10 February 2018 [3 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-16）.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Learn How to Grow a Beautiful Meyer Lemon Tree in a Pot. The Spruce. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-20）（英语）.
^ Meyer Lemon Tree Care – Learn About Growing Meyer Lemons. Gardening Know How. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Lemon Tree. doi:10.31096/wua121-nos_461.
^ Citrus Variety Collection: Improved Meyer. University of California Riverside. 2002-05-28 [2014-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-01）.
^ ^14.0 ^14.1 All About Lemons. RecipeTips.com. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.
^ Lee, Richard F. Chapter Five – Control of Virus Diseases of Citrus. Advances in Virus Research. 2015, 92: 143–173. PMID 25591879. doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.002.
^ Four Winds Growers: Meyer Lemon Origins. FourWindsGrowers.com. （原始内容存档于5 Oct 2010）.
^ Markoulakis, Sophia. Meyer Lemon Sweet Enough To Squeeze (PDF). Master Gardener News – Amador County. University of California Cooperative Extension: 6. May 2005. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 March 2006）.
^ Reuther, Walter; Leon Dexter Batchelor; E. Clair Calavan; Herbert John Webber; Glenn E. Carman; Robert G Platt. Citrus Industry: Crop Protection. University of California. 1989: 195 [2020-10-28]. ISBN 978-0931876240. （原始内容存档于2021-11-18）.

外部链接

Citrus × meyeri information and links from NPGS/GRIN （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Fruits of warm climates （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
100 things to do with a Meyer lemon （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
梅爾檸檬 on National Public Radio

[limes_and_lemons-1] Curk, Franck; Ollitrault, Frédérique; Garcia-Lor, Andres; Luro, François; Navarro, Luis; Ollitrault, Patrick. Phylogenetic origin of limes and lemons revealed by cytoplasmic and nuclear markers. Annals of Botany. 2016, 11 (4): 565–583. PMC 4817432 . PMID 26944784. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw005.

[2] Lemon Juice: Acidic or Alkaline, and Does It Matter?. Healthline. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）（英语）.

[npr-3] 3.0 ^3.1 O'Hara, Julie. The Meyer Lemon: More Than A Pretty Face. National Public Radio. 18 February 2009 [2009-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-16）. For more than a century, the Meyer lemon was known mostly for its looks. In its native China, it was primarily a decorative houseplant. The Meyer lemon might still be decorating homes today if it weren't for one man. In the early 1900s, the U.S. Department of Agriculture sent Frank N. Meyer, an agricultural explorer (yes, that was his actual job title) on several trips to Asia with the mission of collecting new plant species. Among more than 2,500 plants that he introduced to the U.S., the Meyer lemon was named in his honor. Sadly, Meyer would never live to see the success of his namesake. He died on an expedition near Shanghai in 1918.

[4] Lemon. Hort.purdue.edu. [2014-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-26）.

[medicalnewstoday.com-5] Lemons: Benefits, nutrition, tips, and risks. www.medicalnewstoday.com. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）.

[Kennedy_1871–1881-6] Kennedy, D O; Wake, G; Savelev, S; Tildesley, N T J; Perry, E K; Wesnes, K A; Scholey, A B. Modulation of Mood and Cognitive Performance Following Acute Administration of Single Doses of Melissa Officinalis (Lemon Balm) with Human CNS Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptor-Binding Properties. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003-05-15, 28 (10): 1871–1881. ISSN 0893-133X. PMID 12888775. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300230 .

[7] Lowry, Patricia. When life hands you Meyer lemons, life is sweet. 匹兹堡邮报 (Pittsburgh). February 12, 2009 [2020-10-28]. （原始内容存档于2013-05-23）. Meyer lemons are sweet, thin-skinned and famous for their ethereal perfume. Although common in California backyards, they are just beginning to be commercialized. Ask your friends or relatives in California to send you some," Alice Waters wrote in her Chez Panisse Cafe Cookbook in 1999. A decade later you don't have to beg, thanks in part to Waters' championing of the Meyer and to more growers entering commercial production.

[8] Domestic Programs. Slow Food USA. [2014-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-24）.

[Floridata-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Christman, Steve. 1067 Citrus meyeri. Floridata. 10 February 2018 [3 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-16）.

[thespruce.com-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Learn How to Grow a Beautiful Meyer Lemon Tree in a Pot. The Spruce. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-20）（英语）.

[11] Meyer Lemon Tree Care – Learn About Growing Meyer Lemons. Gardening Know How. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）（英语）.

[Lemon_Tree-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Lemon Tree. doi:10.31096/wua121-nos_461.

[ucr-13] Citrus Variety Collection: Improved Meyer. University of California Riverside. 2002-05-28 [2014-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-01）.

[All_About_Lemons-14] 14.0 ^14.1 All About Lemons. RecipeTips.com. [2020-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.

[15] Lee, Richard F. Chapter Five – Control of Virus Diseases of Citrus. Advances in Virus Research. 2015, 92: 143–173. PMID 25591879. doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.10.002.

[16] Four Winds Growers: Meyer Lemon Origins. FourWindsGrowers.com. （原始内容存档于5 Oct 2010）.

[17] Markoulakis, Sophia. Meyer Lemon Sweet Enough To Squeeze (PDF). Master Gardener News – Amador County. University of California Cooperative Extension: 6. May 2005. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 March 2006）.

[18] Reuther, Walter; Leon Dexter Batchelor; E. Clair Calavan; Herbert John Webber; Glenn E. Carman; Robert G Platt. Citrus Industry: Crop Protection. University of California. 1989: 195 [2020-10-28]. ISBN 978-0931876240. （原始内容存档于2021-11-18）.

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