捕鸟蛛科
捕鸟蛛科 化石时期：
| |
|---|---|
| |
| 短尾蛛属（Brachypelma sp.） | |
科学分类 
| |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 蛛形纲 Arachnida |
| 目： | 蜘蛛目 Araneae |
| 亚目： | 背突蛛亚目 Opisthothelae |
| 下目： | 猛蛛亚目 Mygalomorphae |
| 科： | 捕鸟蛛科 Theraphosidae Thorell, 1870 |
| 属 | |
|
约113属 | |
| |
捕鸟蛛（学名：Tarantula）属于较原始的蜘蛛，其全身密生细毛。亦称为大兰多毒蛛、塔兰托毒蛛、塔兰图拉毒蛛。美洲的捕鸟蛛身上某些地方可能长有一种刺激性的螫毛，可在面临危险时使用后腿向老鼠等天敌抛洒这种天然的致痒粉，而天敌遇到这种螫毛会产生类似于工人铺设纤维玻璃毛毡后产生的刺痒感。这种方式可以帮助叮咬能力较弱的美洲捕鸟蛛保护自己不受伤害，而美洲捕鸟蛛也因此拥有相对于亚洲捕鸟蛛较低的毒性。
亚科
（中美洲 Acanthopelminae）
- Acanthopelma F. O. P. Cambridge, 1897
（南美洲 Aviculariinae）
- Avicularia Lamarck, 1818
- Avicularia avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
- Avicularia caei Fukushima & Bertani, 2017
- Avicularia gamba[1]
- Avicularia glauca Simon, 1891
- Avicularia hirschii Bullmer, Thierer-Lutz & Schmidt, 2006
- Avicularia hirsutissima (C.L.Koch, 1842)
- Avicularia juruensis Mello-Leitão, 1923
- Avicularia lynnae Fukushima & Bertani, 2017
- Avicularia merianae Fukushima & Bertani, 2017
- Avicularia minatrix Pocock, 1903
- Avicularia purpurea Kirk, 1990
- Avicularia rufa Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945
- Avicularia sooretama[1]
- Avicularia taunayi (Mello-Leitão, 1920)
- Avicularia testacea (C.L.Koch, 1841)
- Avicularia variegata F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1896
- Avicularia vestiaria (De Geer, 1778)
- Ephebopus Simon, 1892
- Iridopelma Pocock, 1901
- Pachistopelma Pocock, 1901
（非洲 Eumenophorinae）
- Anoploscelus Pocock, 1897
- Batesiella Pocock, 1903
- Citharischius Pocock, 1900
- Encyocrates Simon, 1892
- Eumenophorus Pocock, 1897
- Hysterocrates Simon, 1892
- Loxomphalia Simon, 1889
- Loxoptygus Simon, 1903
- Mascaraneus Gallon, 2005
- Monocentropus Pocock, 1897
- Myostola Simon, 1903
- Phoneyusa Karsch, 1884
（非洲 Harpactirinae）
- Augacephalus Gallon, 2002
- Ceratogyrus Pocock, 1897
- Eucratoscelus Pocock, 1898
- Harpactira Ausserer, 1871
- Harpactirella Purcell, 1902
- Idiothele Hewitt, 1919
- Pterinochilus Pocock, 1897
- Trichognathella Gallon, 2004
（世界 Ischnocolinae）
- Catumiri Guadanucci, 2004
- 毛踵蛛属 Chaetopelma Ausserer, 1871
- Cratorrhagus Simon, 1891
- Hemiercus Simon, 1903
- Heterothele Karsch, 1879
- Holothele Karsch, 1879
- Ischnocolus Ausserer, 1871
- Nesiergus Simon, 1903
- Oligoxystre Vellard, 1924
- Plesiophrictus Pocock, 1899
- Pseudoligoxystre Vol, 2001
- Sickius Soares & Camargo, 1948
（东南亚、华南等地 Ornithoctoninae）
- Citharognathus Pocock, 1895
- 塞勒蛛属 Cyriopagopus (海南捕鸟蛛)
- Haplopelma Simon, 1892
- Lampropelma Simon, 1892
- Ornithoctonus Pocock, 1892
- Phormingochilus Pocock, 1895
（印度 Poecilotheriinae）
- 华丽雨林属（Poecilotheria） Simon, 1885]]
（远东、澳洲、等地 棒刺蛛亚科 Selenocosmiinae）
- 缨毛蛛属 Chilobrachys Karsch, 1891
- Coremiocnemis Simon, 1892
- 单壁蛛属 Haplocosmia Schmidt & von Wirth, 1996
- Lyrognathus Pocock, 1895
- Orphnaecus Simon, 1892
- 美焰蛛属 Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897
- Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895
- Psalmopoeus cambridgei Pocock, 1895
- Psalmopoeus chronoarachne Peñaherrera-R. & León-E, 2023[2]
- Psalmopoeus ecclesiasticus Pocock, 1903
- Psalmopoeus emeraldus Pocock, 1903
- Psalmopoeus irminia Saager, 1994
- Psalmopoeus langenbucheri Schmidt, Bullmer & Thierer-Lutz, 2006
- Psalmopoeus maya Witt, 1996
- Psalmopoeus plantaris Pocock, 1903
- Psalmopoeus pulcher Petrunkevitch, 1925
- Psalmopoeus reduncus (Karsch, 1880)
- Psalmopoeus satanas Peñaherrera-R. & León-E, 2023[2]
- Psalmopoeus victori Mendoza, 2014
- Selenobrachys Schmidt, 1999
- 棒刺蛛属 Selenocosmia Ausserer, 1871
- Selenotholus Hogg, 1902
- Selenotypus Pocock, 1895
- Tapinauchenius Ausserer, 1871
- Tapinauchenius brunneus Schmidt, 1995
- Tapinauchenius cupreus Schmidt & Bauer, 1996
- Tapinauchenius gretae Cifuentes & Bertani, 2022
- Tapinauchenius herrerai Gabriel & Sherwood, 2022
- Tapinauchenius latipes L.Koch, 1875
- Tapinauchenius plumipes (C.L.Koch, 1842)
- Tapinauchenius polybotes Hüsser, 2018
- Tapinauchenius rasti Hüsser, 2018
- Tapinauchenius sanctivincenti (Walckenaer, 1837)
- 雅美蛛属 Yamia Kishida, 1920，为Phlogiellus Pocock, 1897的异名
（印度，非洲 Selengyrinae）
- Annandaliella Hirst, 1909
- Euphrictus Hirst, 1908
- Selenogyrus Pocock, 1897
（非洲西部 Stromatopelmina）
- Encyocratella Strand, 1907
- Heteroscodra Pocock, 1899
- Stromatopelma Karsch, 1881
（南、北美洲 狒蛛亚科 Theraphosinae）
- Acanthoscurria Ausserer, 1871
- Aenigmarachne Schmidt, 2005
- Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901
- Bonnetina Vol, 2000
- 短尾蛛属 Brachypelma Simon, 1891
- Caribena Fukushima & Bertani, 2017
- Chromatopelma Schmidt, 1995
- Citharacanthus Pocock, 1901
- Clavopelma Chamberlin, 1940
- Crassicrus Reichling & West, 1996
- Cyclosternum Ausserer, 1871
- Cyriocosmus Simon, 1903
- Cyrtopholis Simon, 1892
- Euathlus Ausserer, 1875
- Eupalaestrus Pocock, 1901
- Grammostola Simon, 1892
- Hapalopus Ausserer, 1875
- Hapalotremus Simon, 1903
- 半损蛛属 Hemirrhagus Simon, 1903
- Homoeomma Ausserer, 1871
- Iracema Pérez-Miles, 2000
- Lasiodora C. L. Koch, 1850
- Lasiodorides Schmidt & Bischoff, 1997
- Megaphobema Pocock, 1901
- Melloleitaoina Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1960
- Metriopelma Becker, 1878
- Nesipelma Schmidt & Kovarik, 1996
- Nhandu Lucas, 1983
- Ozopactus Simon, 1889
- Pamphobeteus Pocock, 1901
- Paraphysa Simon, 1892
- Phormictopus Pocock, 1901
- Plesiopelma Pocock, 1901
- Plesiopelma aspidosperma Ferretti & Barneche, 2013
- Plesiopelma gertschi (Caporiacco, 1955)
- Plesiopelma imperatrix Piza, 1976
- Plesiopelma insulare (Mello-Leitão, 1923)
- Plesiopelma longisternale (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942)[3]
- Plesiopelma minense (Mello-Leitão, 1943)
- Plesiopelma myodes Pocock, 1901
- Plesiopelma paganoi Ferretti & Barneche, 2013
- Plesiopelma physopus (Mello-Leitão, 1926)
- Plesiopelma rectimanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923)
- Plesiopelma semiaurantiacum (Simon, 1897)
- Pseudhapalopus Strand, 1907
- Reversopelma Schmidt, 2001
- Schismatothele Karsch, 1879
- Schizopelma F. O. P.-Cambridge, 1897
- Sericopelma Ausserer, 1875
- Sphaerobothria Karsch, 1879
- Stenotarsus Tesmoingt & Schmidt, 2002
- Stichoplastoris Rudloff, 1997
- 捕鸟蛛属 Theraphosa Thorell, 1870
- Thrixopelma Schmidt, 1994
- Tmesiphantes Simon, 1892
- Vitalius Lucas, Silva & Bertani, 1993
- Xenesthis Simon, 1891
（印度 Selenogyrinae）
- Haploclastus Simon, 1892
- Thrigmopoeus Pocock, 1899
其他
- Neischnocolus Petrunkevitch, 1925
- Neischnocolus amazonica (Jimenez & Bertani, 2008)
- Neischnocolus armihuariensis (Kaderka, 2014)
- Neischnocolus caxiuana (Pérez-Miles, Miglio & Bonaldo, 2008)
- Neischnocolus cisnerosi [4]
- Neischnocolus iquitos Kaderka, 2020
- Neischnocolus mecana Echeverri, Gómez Torres, Pinel & Perafán, 2023
- Neischnocolus obscurus (Ausserer, 1875)
- Neischnocolus panamanus Petrunkevitch, 1925
- Neischnocolus pijaos (Jimenez & Bertani, 2008)
- Neischnocolus tsere [4]
- Neischnocolus valentinae (Almeida, Salvatierra & de Morais, 2019)
- Neischnocolus weinmanni (Pérez-Miles, 2008)
- Neischnocolus yupanquii (Pérez-Miles, Gabriel & Gallon, 2008)
- Neoheterophrictus Siliwal & Raven, 2012
- Neoheterophrictus amboli Mirza & Sanap, 2014
- Neoheterophrictus bhori (Gravely, 1915)
- Neoheterophrictus chimminiensis Sunil Jose, 2020
- Neoheterophrictus crurofulvus Siliwal, Gupta & Raven, 2012[5]
- Neoheterophrictus madraspatanus (Gravely, 1935)
- Neoheterophrictus sahyadri Siliwal, Gupta & Raven, 2012[5]
- Neoheterophrictus smithi Mirza, Bhosale & Sanap, 2014
- Neoheterophrictus uttarakannada Siliwal, Gupta & Raven, 2012[5]
- Pterinopelma Pocock, 1901
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Bertani R, Fukushima CS. 2009. Description of two new species of Avicularia Lamarck 1818 and redescription of Avicularia diversipes (C.L. Koch 1842) (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Aviculariinae) – three possibly threatened Brazilian species. Zootaxa. 2223: 25–47.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Pedro Peñaherrera-R. and Roberto J. León-E. 2023. On Psalmopoeus Pocock, 1895 (Araneae, Theraphosidae) Species and Tarantula Conservation in Ecuador. ZooKeys. 1186: 185-205. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1186.108991
- ^ Ferretti Nelson, Nicoletta Micaela, Soresi Daniela, An integrative taxonomy approach evaluates the limits of the widespread tarantula Plesiopelma longisternale (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) and reveals a new species from Argentina, Zoologischer Anzeiger, Volume 308, 2024, Pages 131-143, ISSN 0044-5231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2023.12.003.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Pedro Peñaherrera-R., Ariel Guerrero-Campoverde, Roberto J. León-E., Andrés Pinos-Sánchez, José M. Falcón-Reibán. 2023. Two New Species of Neischnocolus Petrunkevitch, 1925 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) from Eastern and Western Ecuador. Zootaxa. 5351(4); 483-493. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5351.4.6
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Siliwal, M., N. Gupta and R. Raven. 2012. A New Genus of the Family Theraphosidae (Araneae: Mygalomorphae) with description of three new species from the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 4(14): 3233–3254
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Bertani, R., Nagahama, R.H. and Fukushima, C.S. 2011. Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae). Zootaxa. 2814: 1–18.
