地域大國
地域大國或稱區域強權,指在國際關係中,一個在某個地理區域內擁有較大影響力的國家[1][2]。這些國家被認為是控制某個地區安全性的關鍵國家[3],所掌握的影響力與實力能夠讓它們成為一地區性霸主。
特性
地域大國通常在某個地區具有影響力,但是通常情況下,它們的影響力還不足以影響整個世界。關於地域大國的定義目前還有一定的爭議,根據歐洲政治研究協會的定義,「地域大國是某個地理區域內在經濟上、軍事上處於主導地位,擁有控制該地區能力並在世界範圍內具有一定影響力的國家。它們運用自己的實力使自己成為,或強迫該地區其他國家承認自己是該地區的領導人。」[1]
德國全球和區域研究所(German Institute of Global and Area Studies)認為地域大國必須具有以下特點:
- 與該地區具有地緣性的聯繫;
- 符合一個地域大國的形象;
- 能夠在該地區實際思想上的影響力;
- 在人口、經濟、軍事、政治和意識形態上具有領先地位;
- 很高地融入該區域;
- 對地區性安全具有較高的掌控力;
- 能夠得到該地區其他國家,尤其是其他地域大國的接受和讚揚;
- 能夠很好地溝通地域和全球。[2]
一些國家既可以是大國,也可以是地域大國;同樣的,一些國家也可以既是中等強國,又是地域大國。
目前的地域大國
以下國家是目前已經被大多數國際關係學和政治學學者、分析師或專家所認可的地域大國。這些國家在一定程度上滿足上述地域大國的標準,但是對於究竟是不是地域大國,不同的學者有不同的意見,以下並非依排名排列。
亞洲
東亞
東南亞
南亞
西亞
伊朗[註 1][3][15][21][19][20]
以色列[註 2][3][21][22]
沙烏地阿拉伯[註 1][3][15][23]
土耳其[24][25][26][27]
阿聯酋[28][29][30]
歐洲
東歐
西歐
美洲
北美洲
中南美洲
非洲
東部非洲
南部非洲
中部非洲
西部非洲
北部非洲
大洋洲
注釋
參考文獻
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參見
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