地域大国
地域大国或称区域强权,指在国际关系中,一个在某个地理区域内拥有较大影响力的国家[1][2]。这些国家被认为是控制某个地区安全性的关键国家[3],所掌握的影响力与实力能够让它们成为一地区性霸主。
特性
地域大国通常在某个地区具有影响力,但是通常情况下,它们的影响力还不足以影响整个世界。关于地域大国的定义目前还有一定的争议,根据欧洲政治研究协会的定义,“地域大国是某个地理区域内在经济上、军事上处于主导地位,拥有控制该地区能力并在世界范围内具有一定影响力的国家。它们运用自己的实力使自己成为,或强迫该地区其他国家承认自己是该地区的领导人。”[1]
德国全球和区域研究所(German Institute of Global and Area Studies)认为地域大国必须具有以下特点:
- 与该地区具有地缘性的联系;
- 符合一个地域大国的形象;
- 能够在该地区实际思想上的影响力;
- 在人口、经济、军事、政治和意识形态上具有领先地位;
- 很高地融入该区域;
- 对地区性安全具有较高的掌控力;
- 能够得到该地区其他国家,尤其是其他地域大国的接受和赞扬;
- 能够很好地沟通地域和全球。[2]
一些国家既可以是大国,也可以是地域大国;同样的,一些国家也可以既是中等强国,又是地域大国。
目前的地域大国
以下国家是目前已经被大多数国际关系学和政治学学者、分析师或专家所认可的地域大国。这些国家在一定程度上满足上述地域大国的标准,但是对于究竟是不是地域大国,不同的学者有不同的意见,以下并非依排名排列。
亚洲
东亚
东南亚
南亚
西亚
伊朗[注 1][3][15][21][19][20]
以色列[注 2][3][21][22]
沙特阿拉伯[注 1][3][15][23]
土耳其[24][25][26][27]
阿联酋[28][29][30]
欧洲
东欧
西欧
美洲
北美洲
中南美洲
非洲
东部非洲
南部非洲
中部非洲
西部非洲
北部非洲
大洋洲
注释
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参见
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