晝夜節律
晝夜節律（英語：circadian rhythm）又稱日夜節律、概日節律、日變週期、生理時鐘（physiological clock），是一種生理現象，以內源性、持續的，呈現以約24小時為週期的變動；由日變時鐘（circadian clock）所驅動。晝夜節律已在動物、植物、真菌和藍菌中被廣泛觀察到，並且有證據表明它們在每個生物界中獨立進化。[1][2]
英語 circadian 源自拉丁語 circa，為大約、大概的意思；拉丁語 diem 是一天、一日之意。合起來，在字面上的意思，是大約一天。
晝夜振盪器（circadian oscillator）則是驅動晝夜節律的中樞機制，使生物的生理節律與晝夜週期相一致，以近24小時為週期而振盪的節律，由基因產物作用於基因啟動子所組成的反饋迴路或其他反饋迴路。
對動物的重要性
晝夜節律存在於動物（包括人類）的睡眠和進食模式中。核心體溫、腦電波活動、激素產生、細胞再生和其他生物活動也有明顯的模式。此外，光週期現象，即生物體對白天或夜晚長度的生理反應，對植物和動物都至關重要，晝夜節律系統在測量和解釋日長方面發揮着作用。及時預測季節性的天氣狀況、食物供應或捕食者活動對許多物種的生存至關重要。雖然不是唯一的參數，但光週期（日長）的變化長度是預測生理和行為季節性時間的最有預測性的環境線索，最顯著的是遷徙、冬眠和繁殖的時間。[3]
社會與文化
2017年，來自美國的三位遺傳學家傑弗理·霍爾（Jeffrey Hall）、米高·羅斯巴希（Michael Rosbash）和米高·揚（Michael Young）因「發現控制晝夜節律的分子機制」而共同贏得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。[4][5]
晝夜節律被視為科學知識轉移到公共領域的一個例子。[6]
相關條目
參考文獻
- ^ Edgar RS, Green EW, Zhao Y, van Ooijen G, Olmedo M, Qin X, Xu Y, Pan M, Valekunja UK, Feeney KA, Maywood ES, Hastings MH, Baliga NS, Merrow M, Millar AJ, Johnson CH, Kyriacou CP, O'Neill JS, Reddy AB. Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms. Nature. May 2012, 485 (7399): 459–464. Bibcode:2012Natur.485..459E. PMC 3398137
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- ^ Young MW, Kay SA. Time zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks. Nature Reviews. Genetics. September 2001, 2 (9): 702–715. PMID 11533719. S2CID 13286388. doi:10.1038/35088576.
- ^ [不可靠的醫學來源？] Zivkovic BC. Clock Tutorial #16: Photoperiodism – Models and Experimental Approaches (original work from 2005-08-13). A Blog Around the Clock. ScienceBlogs. 2007-07-25 [2007-12-09]. （原始內容存檔於2008-01-01）.
- ^ Cha AE. Nobel in physiology, medicine awarded to three Americans for discovery of 'clock genes'. The Washington Post. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017].
- ^ The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release. The Nobel Foundation. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017].
- ^ Benjakob O, Aviram R. A Clockwork Wikipedia: From a Broad Perspective to a Case Study. Journal of Biological Rhythms. June 2018, 33 (3): 233–244. PMID 29665713. S2CID 4933390. doi:10.1177/0748730418768120 .
延伸閱讀
- Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) Circadian Clocks. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
- Avivi, A.; Albrecht, U.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Nevo, E. Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. November 2001, 98 (24): 13751–6. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9813751A. PMC 61113 . PMID 11707566. doi:10.1073/pnas.181484498.
- Avivi, A.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Albrecht, U.; Nevo, E. Circadian genes in a blind subterranean mammal II: conservation and uniqueness of the three Period homologs in the blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2002, 99 (18): 11718–23. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911718A. PMC 129335 . PMID 12193657. doi:10.1073/pnas.182423299.
- Li D, Ma S, Guo D, et al. Environmental circadian disruption worsens neurologic impairment and inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats after traumatic brain injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol. February 2016. PMID 26886755. doi:10.1007/s10571-015-0295-2.
- Ditty, J.L.; Williams, S.B.; Golden, S.S. A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. Annual Review of Genetics. 2003, 37: 513–43. PMID 14616072. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.142716.
- Dunlap, J.C.; Loros, J.; DeCoursey, P.J. (2003) Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping. Sinauer, Sunderland
- Dvornyk, V.; Vinogradova, O.; Nevo, E. Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. March 2003, 100 (5): 2495–500. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.2495D. PMC 151369 . PMID 12604787. doi:10.1073/pnas.0130099100.
- Koukkari, W.L.; Sothern, R.B. (2006) Introducing Biological Rhythms. Springer, New York
- Martino, T.; Arab, S.; Straume, M.; Belsham, Denise D.; et al. Day/night rhythms in gene expression of the normal murine heart. Journal of Molecular Medicine. April 2004, 82 (4): 256–64. PMID 14985853. doi:10.1007/s00109-003-0520-1.
- Refinetti, R. (2006) Circadian Physiology, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton
- Takahashi, J.S.; Zatz, M. Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science. September 1982, 217 (4565): 1104–11. Bibcode:1982Sci...217.1104T. PMID 6287576. doi:10.1126/science.6287576.
- Tomita, J.; Nakajima, M.; Kondo, T.; Iwasaki, H. No transcription-translation feedback in circadian rhythm of KaiC phosphorylation. Science. January 2005, 307 (5707): 251–4. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..251T. PMID 15550625. doi:10.1126/science.1102540.
- Moore-Ede, Martin C.; Sulzman, Frank M.; Fuller, Charles A. The Clocks that Time Us: Physiology of the Circadian Timing System. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-674-13581-4.
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