昼夜节律
昼夜节律（英语：circadian rhythm）又称日夜节律、概日节律、日变周期、生理时钟（physiological clock），是一种生理现象，以内源性、持续的，呈现以约24小时为周期的变动；由日变时钟（circadian clock）所驱动。昼夜节律已在动物、植物、真菌和蓝菌中被广泛观察到，并且有证据表明它们在每个生物界中独立进化。[1][2]
英语 circadian 源自拉丁语 circa，为大约、大概的意思；拉丁语 diem 是一天、一日之意。合起来，在字面上的意思，是大约一天。
昼夜振荡器（circadian oscillator）则是驱动昼夜节律的中枢机制，使生物的生理节律与昼夜周期相一致，以近24小时为周期而振荡的节律，由基因产物作用于基因启动子所组成的反馈回路或其他反馈回路。
对动物的重要性
昼夜节律存在于动物（包括人类）的睡眠和进食模式中。核心体温、脑电波活动、激素产生、细胞再生和其他生物活动也有明显的模式。此外，光周期现象，即生物体对白天或夜晚长度的生理反应，对植物和动物都至关重要，昼夜节律系统在测量和解释日长方面发挥着作用。及时预测季节性的天气状况、食物供应或捕食者活动对许多物种的生存至关重要。虽然不是唯一的参数，但光周期（日长）的变化长度是预测生理和行为季节性时间的最有预测性的环境线索，最显著的是迁徙、冬眠和繁殖的时间。[3]
社会与文化
2017年，来自美国的三位遗传学家杰弗理·霍尔（Jeffrey Hall）、迈克尔·罗斯巴希（Michael Rosbash）和迈克尔·扬（Michael Young）因“发现控制昼夜节律的分子机制”而共同赢得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。[4][5]
昼夜节律被视为科学知识转移到公共领域的一个例子。[6]
相关条目
参考文献
- ^ Edgar RS, Green EW, Zhao Y, van Ooijen G, Olmedo M, Qin X, Xu Y, Pan M, Valekunja UK, Feeney KA, Maywood ES, Hastings MH, Baliga NS, Merrow M, Millar AJ, Johnson CH, Kyriacou CP, O'Neill JS, Reddy AB. Peroxiredoxins are conserved markers of circadian rhythms. Nature. May 2012, 485 (7399): 459–464. Bibcode:2012Natur.485..459E. PMC 3398137
. PMID 22622569. doi:10.1038/nature11088.
- ^ Young MW, Kay SA. Time zones: a comparative genetics of circadian clocks. Nature Reviews. Genetics. September 2001, 2 (9): 702–715. PMID 11533719. S2CID 13286388. doi:10.1038/35088576.
- ^ [不可靠的医学来源？] Zivkovic BC. Clock Tutorial #16: Photoperiodism – Models and Experimental Approaches (original work from 2005-08-13). A Blog Around the Clock. ScienceBlogs. 2007-07-25 [2007-12-09]. （原始内容存档于2008-01-01）.
- ^ Cha AE. Nobel in physiology, medicine awarded to three Americans for discovery of 'clock genes'. The Washington Post. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017].
- ^ The 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Press Release. The Nobel Foundation. October 2, 2017 [October 2, 2017].
- ^ Benjakob O, Aviram R. A Clockwork Wikipedia: From a Broad Perspective to a Case Study. Journal of Biological Rhythms. June 2018, 33 (3): 233–244. PMID 29665713. S2CID 4933390. doi:10.1177/0748730418768120 .
延伸阅读
- Aschoff, J. (ed.) (1965) Circadian Clocks. North Holland Press, Amsterdam
- Avivi, A.; Albrecht, U.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Nevo, E. Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. November 2001, 98 (24): 13751–6. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9813751A. PMC 61113 . PMID 11707566. doi:10.1073/pnas.181484498.
- Avivi, A.; Oster, H.; Joel, A.; Beiles, A.; Albrecht, U.; Nevo, E. Circadian genes in a blind subterranean mammal II: conservation and uniqueness of the three Period homologs in the blind subterranean mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi superspecies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. September 2002, 99 (18): 11718–23. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911718A. PMC 129335 . PMID 12193657. doi:10.1073/pnas.182423299.
- Li D, Ma S, Guo D, et al. Environmental circadian disruption worsens neurologic impairment and inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis in adult rats after traumatic brain injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol. February 2016. PMID 26886755. doi:10.1007/s10571-015-0295-2.
- Ditty, J.L.; Williams, S.B.; Golden, S.S. A cyanobacterial circadian timing mechanism. Annual Review of Genetics. 2003, 37: 513–43. PMID 14616072. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.37.110801.142716.
- Dunlap, J.C.; Loros, J.; DeCoursey, P.J. (2003) Chronobiology: Biological Timekeeping. Sinauer, Sunderland
- Dvornyk, V.; Vinogradova, O.; Nevo, E. Origin and evolution of circadian clock genes in prokaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. March 2003, 100 (5): 2495–500. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.2495D. PMC 151369 . PMID 12604787. doi:10.1073/pnas.0130099100.
- Koukkari, W.L.; Sothern, R.B. (2006) Introducing Biological Rhythms. Springer, New York
- Martino, T.; Arab, S.; Straume, M.; Belsham, Denise D.; et al. Day/night rhythms in gene expression of the normal murine heart. Journal of Molecular Medicine. April 2004, 82 (4): 256–64. PMID 14985853. doi:10.1007/s00109-003-0520-1.
- Refinetti, R. (2006) Circadian Physiology, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton
- Takahashi, J.S.; Zatz, M. Regulation of circadian rhythmicity. Science. September 1982, 217 (4565): 1104–11. Bibcode:1982Sci...217.1104T. PMID 6287576. doi:10.1126/science.6287576.
- Tomita, J.; Nakajima, M.; Kondo, T.; Iwasaki, H. No transcription-translation feedback in circadian rhythm of KaiC phosphorylation. Science. January 2005, 307 (5707): 251–4. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..251T. PMID 15550625. doi:10.1126/science.1102540.
- Moore-Ede, Martin C.; Sulzman, Frank M.; Fuller, Charles A. The Clocks that Time Us: Physiology of the Circadian Timing System. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-674-13581-4.
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