仙台病毒

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仙台病毒
病毒分类 编辑
（未分级）： 病毒 Virus
域： 核糖病毒域 Riboviria
界： 正核糖病毒界 Orthornavirae
门： 负核糖病毒门 Negarnaviricota
纲： 单荆病毒纲 Monjiviricetes
目： 单股反链病毒目 Mononegavirales
科： 副黏液病毒科 Paramyxoviridae
属： 呼吸道病毒属 Respirovirus
种：
仙台病毒 Murine respirovirus
异名
  • Sendai virus[1]

仙台病毒（Sendai virus，简称SeV）又称鼠呼吸道病毒（murine respirovirus）、鼠副流感病毒一型（murine parainfluenza virus type 1）与日本凝血性病毒（hemagglutinating virus of Japan，HVJ），为副黏液病毒科呼吸道病毒属的一种病毒[2][3]，属负链单股RNA病毒（英语：Negative-strand RNA virus）[4][5]，以鼠类为宿主[6]（也有感染狨的纪录）[7]，不会感染人类与家畜。此病毒于1950年代在日本仙台市被发现，后来被用做病毒学研究的一种模式病毒。

病毒学

Schematic representation of murine respirovirus virion
仙台病毒结构示意图

仙台病毒具有包膜，包膜上具有血凝素-神经胺酸酶（英语：Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase）（HN）蛋白与融合蛋白（fusion protein，FN），前者兼具血球凝集素与神经胺酸酶的活性，可与宿主细胞结合并水解其表面的唾液酸以帮助感染[8][9]；后者也是病毒感染宿主细胞所需的糖蛋白[10]。包膜内侧的基质蛋白（M）有稳定包膜结构的功能[11]。病毒的核壳由基因组RNA与核壳蛋白（NP）[12]、磷蛋白（P）[13]、大蛋白（L）[14]及C蛋白组成[15]，其中大蛋白为病毒RNA复制酶的活性亚基，磷蛋白亦为RNA复制酶的组成部分。

基因组

仙台病毒的基因组与表现的的蛋白

仙台病毒的基因组为不分段的负链单股RNA，长约15,384nt，5′非转译区与3′非转译区分别长约50nt[5][16]，共有6个编码蛋白的基因，分别编码核壳蛋白（NP）、磷蛋白（P）、基质蛋白（M）、融合蛋白（F）、血凝素-神经胺酸酶（HN）与大蛋白（L），基因排序为3′-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5′[5][16]。

编码P蛋白的基因可以不同的开放阅读框编码其他蛋白质[5][17]，此基因有5个起始密码子，除编码P蛋白外另外4个起始密码子可编码C、C'、Y1与Y2等4种蛋白（其中P、C、C'蛋白的开放阅读框不同是渗漏扫描所致，Y1与Y2蛋白则是在转译起始时发生核糖体分流[18][19]）[17][20][21]，此外P蛋白的信使核糖核酸转录时可能经RNA编辑而加入1或2个G而分别产生V蛋白与W蛋白[22]，且其mRNA的末端可独立转译出另一X蛋白[23]。这些由P蛋白基因衍生的蛋白皆为非结构蛋白，有协助感染宿主细胞、抑制宿主免疫反应等功能[22]，其中C蛋白会少量表现于病毒的核壳上[15][24]。

应用

仙台病毒感染会使真核细胞融合成合胞体，因而被用于杂交瘤技术（英语：Hybridoma technology）以量产单克隆抗体[25]。另外仙台病毒还在细胞实验中被用作载体，将目标基因转至细胞中，已被用于细胞萤光染色[26]、制造诱导性多能干细胞（iPSC）[27][28]与CRISPR[29]等技术，也可用于制作疫苗，目前已有研究团队开发针对副流感病毒一型（英语：Human parainfluenza virus 1）（HPV1）[30][31]、人类免疫缺乏病毒[32]、人类呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）[33][34]、结核病[35][36]与SARS-CoV-2（复旦大学团队）[37]的仙台病毒载体疫苗。

研究历史

1952年，仙台市东北大学的研究人员M. Kuroya与石田名香雄（日语：石田名香雄）尝试从一名患肺炎逝世的婴儿肺样本中分离病原，将分离的病原转至小鼠中[38][39]。但1954年国立保健医疗科学院（日语：國立保健醫療科學院）的学者提出另一假说，认为实验中使用的小鼠可能原本即感染病毒，而非来自病人样本，并将此病毒分离、命名为仙台病毒[40]，此理论后来受到许多实验结果支持[5]，因此历史缘由，仙台病毒曾一度被认为是感染人类的病毒[41][42]。另外因1950年代日本猪流感疫情中，许多猪只体内被发现有抗仙台病毒的抗体，过去还认为仙台病毒可感染猪，但后续研究显示这些猪只应为被猪副流感病毒（porcine parainfluenza）等其他类似病毒感染[30][41][43]。

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Murine respirovirus
Sendai virus
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