筛虾属
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北方筛虾![]() | |
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筛虾的头部附肢复原图 | |
科学分类 ![]() | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | †恐虾纲 Dinocaridida |
目: | †放射齿目 Radiodonta |
科: | †筛虾科 Tamisiocarididae |
属: | †筛虾属 Tamisiocaris Daley & Peel, 2010 |
种: | †北方筛虾 T. borealis
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二名法 | |
†Tamisiocaris borealis Daley & Peel, 2010
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北方筛虾(学名:Tamisiocaris borealis)是筛虾属(学名:Tamisiocaris)唯一的物种[1],又称作筛状奇虾[3],是节肢动物门、恐虾纲、放射齿目底下的一种。[1][4]其分布于寒武世第三期格陵兰的海生动物[4][5],和在美国第四期的组中亦有疑似该属的化石。[2][6]筛虾是第一个证明是滤食性的奇虾[4][7],也是生存年代最早会游泳的大型滤食性动物[7][8],过滤方式、食性以及生态位类似须鲸、部分鲨鱼、鳐总目和同为放射齿目的海神盔虾属和帕凡特虾属。[4][9][10][11][12][13]
筛虾属由洛桑大学的古生物学家艾莉森·C·戴利(Allison C. Daley)和乌普萨拉大学的约翰·S·皮尔(John S. Peel)于2010年基于单一化石进行描述。[1]2014年,英国和丹麦的学者等人的基于新出土的化石确认该属有效,并将其划入新命名的筛虾科。[4]此外,有两属分别于2021年和2023年因与前附肢形态与筛虾相似,因此可能是属于同一科。[14][15]
发现
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tamisiocaris_frontal_appendage.png/238px-Tamisiocaris_frontal_appendage.png)
2010年,艾莉森·C·戴利和约翰·S·皮尔在发表的论文中描述了他们去年挖掘到编号为MGUH 29154[注 1]的筛虾化石,其产地在北格陵兰皮里地半岛(Peary Land)J.P.科赫峡湾(J.P. Koch Fjord)的布恩组(Buen Formation),属于西里斯帕斯特生物群(Sirius Passet)的一员。[1][5][7][17]该化石保存状况较差,仅保存了头部的前附肢。前附肢为破碎状态,且连接头部的部分有断裂,边缘也有破损。[1][17][18],导致当初测量出的数据不准确。[1]2014年,耶鲁大学的雅各布·温瑟尔(Jakob Vinther)发表编号为MGUH 30500~MGUH 30504的标本,并发现了筛虾的头部圆形骨片。[4]
2019年,艾希特大学的史蒂芬·帕茨(Stephen Pates)和戴利发现在美国国立自然史博物馆的馆藏中发现一个编号为USNM 90827/PA 388,来自金泽斯组(Kinzers Formation)的标本,原本鉴定为宾州奇虾,但实际上为筛虾近缘种的前附肢。[2][注 2]
命名
Tamisiocaris是合成词,“tamisium”意为筛子,因为戴利和约翰看到筛虾前附肢上的刺非常纤细,猜测是用来过滤食物;“caris”意思是螃蟹,是恐虾纲的常用的学名字尾;种小名“borealis”的意思为北方,因为筛虾是第一个在格陵兰发现的奇虾,比其他奇虾生活还要在更北的地方[1],因为大部分的奇虾化石都分布在中国[6][19][20][21]、美国[22][23][24][2]或是加拿大[25][26][11]。
描述
筛虾的化石与许多放射齿目的物种一样,只保存了头部的前附肢和部分的骨片,并未保存其他的部位。[1][4]全身的长度未知[4],但是鲁迪·勒罗西-奥布里尔(Rudy Lerosey-Aubril)和史蒂芬·帕茨通过其他的放射齿目物种计算出前附肢与全身大小的比率,推测全身长大约在34厘米。[9]
前附肢最长为12厘米,最少有18节。[4][8][27]每两个节的中间都会被三角形的节模(arthrodial membrane)隔开,从腹侧几乎延伸到背侧。节膜占了每节长度33%至55%,使得前附肢可以灵活的弯曲。第二节与第三节比起其他节还要更灵活。第一节比的长度会比后面三节相加还要长。腹侧的刺向外侧分叉,外观上呈倒V形上的两对刺,称作前附肢棘(endite,ventral spines)。[4]第一节的腹侧上还有一对往后倾斜,粗壮的刺。[4][23]剩下的17对刺,从每节中间突出且都非常纤细。[4][8]每两根前附肢棘中间的都有大约5至6毫米的空间。在化石上的前附肢棘保存普遍都断裂,可能代表它们并不柔软。前附肢上还有更细小的刺,称作“前附肢辅棘”(auxiliary spines),这些前附肢辅棘比起其他种类的奇虾还要细长,长度约在4.2至5毫米。[4]两个前附肢辅棘中间相隔大约0.3至0.85毫米[4],外观看起来类似羽毛。[4][28]前附肢背侧也很光滑[1],只有在在末端一根非常小的刺。[1][23]在一块标本上还有保存了比加拿大奇虾还要大一些的椭圆形的头部骨片。[4]筛虾近缘种的化石仅保存前附肢末端的9个节,而前附肢棘也非常纤细。[2]
生态
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/20210630_Tamisiocaris_borealis_frontal_appendage_mobility.gif/205px-20210630_Tamisiocaris_borealis_frontal_appendage_mobility.gif)
筛虾是以全长0.49毫米上下的浮游生物为食[4][8][9][27][29],与加拿大奇虾或是抱怪虫科里的抱怪虫属和里拉琴虫属都是以抓捕猎物为食的游动捕食者不同。[30][31][32][33]在现存物种中有藤壶、磷虾等同样以浮游生物为食的甲壳类,都有细长的前附肢和柔软的刚毛或是细毛。筛虾可能是用两个前附肢在水中挥动并滤食大于筛孔的生物,再用口锥(放射齿目的专有口器)吸起被困在前附肢里的生物。在当时的寒武世包括筛虾等一大类自游生物的捕食者逐渐演化并填补了海洋一系列生态位。[4]
过去的人们认为寒武世晚期(从古丈期至寒武世第十期)才演化出多样性的浮游生物和滤食性动物,浮游生物的食物链才逐渐演化出来。[34]但是发现筛虾是滤食性后,推翻了这个理论。因为筛虾生活在寒武世早期(从幸运期至寒武世第四期)且在其他化石产地也有发现栉水母、刺细胞动物、毛颚动物和部分节肢动物与现在的鲸鲨、姥鲨和滤食性鱼类都以浮游生物为食,这些可能都是趋同演化。[4]
分类
戴利和皮尔一开始对于筛虾的分类也不清楚,因为当时并没有发现滤食性的奇虾或是在生活在格陵兰的奇虾,再加上只发现了一个破碎不完整的附肢化石。而当时被归类为“可能是奇虾的一种”(possible anomalocaridid)。[1][17]2014年,温瑟尔等人比较筛虾与布氏奇虾的前附肢特征,发现许多地方极为相似[35],例如:前附肢棘向后弯曲或是前附肢辅棘很密集[4][23],证明了筛虾和布氏奇虾这是一个单系的演化支[9],将其称作鲸虾科(Cetiocaridae)[注 3]与赫德虾科为姊妹群。[4]2021年,将两种曾属于奇虾属的帚刺奇虾(Anomalocaris saron)和宽基奇虾(Anomalocaris magnabasis)被归类为侯氏虾属[14]和2023年也是布氏奇虾也被归类为新属——针鼹虾属也都是加入筛虾科的新属。[15]
参考资料
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- ^ 5.0 5.1 Nielsen, Morten Lunde; al., et. Metamorphism obscures primary taphonomic pathways in the early Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstätte, North Greenland. dx.doi.org. 2021-08-20 [2024-05-14].
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- ^ 11.0 11.1 Moysiuk, J.; Caron, J.-B. A new hurdiid radiodont from the Burgess Shale evinces the exploitation of Cambrian infaunal food sources. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2019-07-31, 286 (1908). ISSN 0962-8452. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1079.
- ^ Potin, Gaëtan J.-M.; Gueriau, Pierre; Daley, Allison C. Radiodont frontal appendages from the Fezouata Biota (Morocco) reveal high diversity and ecological adaptations to suspension-feeding during the Early Ordovician. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2023-08-09, 11. ISSN 2296-701X. doi:10.3389/fevo.2023.1214109.
- ^ Van Roy, Peter; Daley, Allison C.; Briggs, Derek E. G. Anomalocaridid trunk limb homology revealed by a giant filter-feeder with paired flaps. Nature. 2015-03-11, 522 (7554). ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/nature14256.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Wu, Yu; Fu, Dongjing; Ma, Jiaxin; Lin, Weiliang; Sun, Ao; Zhang, Xingliang. Houcaris gen. nov. from the early Cambrian (Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte expanded the palaeogeographical distribution of tamisiocaridids (Panarthropoda: Radiodonta). PalZ. 2021-05-28, 95 (2). ISSN 0031-0220. doi:10.1007/s12542-020-00545-4.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Paterson, John R.; García-Bellido, Diego C.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 2023-01, 21 (1). ISSN 1477-2019. doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2225066.
- ^ Harper, David A. T.; Hammarlund, Emma U.; Topper, Timothy P.; Nielsen, Arne T.; Rasmussen, Jan A.; Park, Tae-Yoon S.; Smith, M. Paul. The Sirius Passet Lagerstätte of North Greenland: a remote window on the Cambrian Explosion. Journal of the Geological Society. 2019-07-26, 176 (6). ISSN 0016-7649. doi:10.1144/jgs2019-043.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Daley, Allison. The morphology and evolutionary significance of the anomalocaridids. Diss. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2010.
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- ^ Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R. Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan. National Science Review. 2018-06-01, 5 (6). ISSN 2095-5138. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy057.
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- ^ Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R. Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan. National Science Review. 2018-06-01, 5 (6). ISSN 2095-5138. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy057.
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- ^ Liu, Jianni; Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Steiner, Michael; Dunlop, Jason A; Shu, Degan; Paterson, John R. Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan. National Science Review. 2018-06-01, 5 (6). ISSN 2095-5138. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwy057.
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注
- ^ MGUH是哥本哈根地质博物馆大学(University of Copenhagen Geological Museum)的简写
- ^ 原本被归类在奇虾属,现在重新归类为光滑虾属(Lenisicaris)而改名宾州光滑虾(Lenisicaris pennsylvanica)
- ^ 名字是cetus(鲸鱼)和caris(螃蟹)加起来而成[36],但是彼得·范-罗伊(Van Roy, Peter)等人通过国际动物命名规约第29.1和29.3条,认定此名是一个无效的名字,因为科的名字是由模式属来命名。直到2019年史蒂芬·帕茨和艾莉森·C·戴利两人重新发表并更名为筛虾科(Tamisiocarididae)[2]
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