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超常现象

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超常现象(英语:Paranormal),又称灵异现象,是指与科学和常识相互矛盾的现象。因为超常现象无法用已存在的逻辑架构、或普遍被接受的现实知识来解释。

定义

这些真实性未获科学实证验证的现象,通常不被主流的科学家所承认,所以“难以再现”的超常现象被认为是伪科学,有一部分是因为科学是需要能重现、重制的现象加以证实,包含拥有特异功能的人类(预知透视意念显影),以及在偶然的情况下发生,但无法以常理来说明的事件,例如:图坦卡门的诅咒、灵异照片等。

也有其他的类似现象被认定为确有其事,却无法立即解释,例如,许多人皆曾看过不明飞行物(UFO);但彼此对不明飞行物的解释却有很大差异。通古斯大爆炸王恭厂大爆炸是一种明显且无法否认的超常现象,但是关于爆炸的原因,却从彗星到超空间撕裂(cross-dimensional rips)等不同解释。

此外,也有人指出超常(Paranormal)这个词汇,在过去是被当成是宗教上诸多不可解的神秘现象,相对于自然科学(Natural science)所衍生的超自然(Supernatural)的代换词汇。

类型

查尔斯·佛特英语Charles Fort指出一些奇怪的、不寻常的现象通常为科学所忽视。

以下是一些超常现象的范例:

有些超常现象最后获得科学上的解释,不再是无法解释的现象。例如,“从天而降的石头”在以前被认为是超常现象的一种,但“陨石”的存在现在已经是广为人知的事实。

超自然现象其实算是超常现象的一种,但是其中一部分被当成超心理学parapsychology)来进行研究,并且被分成三种等级:

参见

延伸阅读

  • Bell, V. & Halligan, P.W. (2012). The Neural Basis of Abnormal Personal Belief. In F. Kruger and J. Grafman (eds) The Neural Basis of Human Belief Systems. Hove: Psychology Press.
  • Cohen, D. (1989). Encyclopedia of the Strange. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0880294515
  • Crawley, S. E. (2001). Psychic or fantasy-prone? The Skeptic, 14(1), 11-12.
  • French, C. C. (1992) Population stereotypes and belief in the paranormal: Is there a relationship? Australian Psychologist, 27, 57-58.
  • French, C. C. (1992) Factors underlying belief in the paranormal: Do sheep and goats think differently? The Psychologist, 5, 295-299.
  • Hatton, K. (2001). Developmental origins of magical beliefs. The Skeptic, 14(1), 18-19.
  • Hines, T. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Prometheus Books.
  • Holden, K. J., & French, C. C. (2002). Alien abduction experiences: Clues from neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry. In Spence, S. A., & Halligan, P. W. (eds.) Pathologies of Body, Self and Space. Hove: Psychology Press. 163-178.
  • Irwin, H. (2009). The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Researcher's Handbook. University Of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-1902806938
  • Jink, T. (2011). An Introduction to the Psychology of Paranormal Belief and Experience. Mcfarland. ISBN 978-0786465446
  • Lange, R., Houran, J. (1998). Delusions of the paranormal: A haunting question of perception. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186 (10), 637–645.
  • Marks, D. F. (1988). The psychology of paranormal beliefs. Experientia, 44, 332–337.
  • Stein, G. (1996). The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1573920216
  • Thalbourne, M. A. & French, C. C. (1995) Paranormal belief, manic-depressiveness, and magical ideation: A replication. Personality and Individual Differences, 18, 291-292.
  • Wilson, K. & French, C. C. (2006). The relationship between susceptibility to false memories, dissociativity, and paranormal belief and experience. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 1493-1502.
  • Wiseman, R. & Watt, C. (2006). Belief in psychic ability and the misattribution hypothesis: A qualitative review. British Journal of Psychology. 97, 323-338.

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