中觀應成派
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中觀應成派（梵語：Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka），又稱隨應破派、必過性空派，大乘佛教中觀學派之下的支派之一，由佛護、月稱建立。這個派別的學說未傳入漢傳佛教，但在藏傳佛教傳承下來。後世的格魯派主要採取他們的見解，並將此認定為中觀派的主流。[1]
名稱
此派得名於他們使用的辯論技巧。他們採用隨應破（prasaṅga）的方式來闡述空性。清辯採用自立量來作為辯論技巧，與他們形成對立，被稱為中觀自續派（svātantrika）。
隨應破，又譯為墮過，最早起源於龍樹《中論》。本意為「墮於過失」，這種辯論技巧認為對方的主張中必有過失，尋找出其過失，就可破斥其主張。當對方最後所有的立論都失敗之後，就可以確認一切法都沒有實體，亦即是空性的。
月稱解釋這種方法，為自無宗故。宗（pratijñā）是因明學術語，指主張命題；自無宗，也就是自身不需要先提出自己的意見與見解。這派的見解，同於嘉祥吉藏所說「破邪即是顯正」的見解。
歷史
隨應破派的名稱，最早起於佛護、月稱。佛護為《中論》作註，提出隨應破方法，被清辯認為此法不合理，主張應採自立量。其徒月稱反駁清辯的見解，之後形成一個宗派，在那爛陀寺中傳承。
月稱的見解，之後為寂天繼承。經阿底峽傳入西藏，在噶當派中傳承。經宗喀巴，成為格魯派的中心宗義。
註釋
- ^ Padmakara Translation Group 2005，第386, note 12頁.
參考文獻
- 主要參考資料
- Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Ocean of Nectar, Tharpa Publications, 1995, ISBN 978-0-948006-23-4
- Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, The Adornment of the Middle Way, Padmakara Translation, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9
- Tsong Khapa, The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9
- Tsonghkhapa, Ocean of Reasoning, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-514732-2
- 次要參考資料
- Brunhölzl, Karl, Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition, Snow Lion Publications, 2004
- Garfield, Jay L.; Thakchöe, Sonam, Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas, Cowherds (編), Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2011
- Cheng, Hsueh-Li, The Roots of Zen Buddhism, Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 1981, 8: 451–478 [2021-01-22], doi:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1981.tb00267.x, （原始內容存檔於2019-06-02）
- Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara, Introduction, Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (編), Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?, Simon and Schuster, 2015
- Hopkins, Jeffrey, A Tibetan Perspective on the Nature of Spiritual Experience, Buswell, Jr., Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (編), Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, 1994
- Hopkins, Jeffrey, Emptiness Yoga, Kalachakra Tantra. Rite of Initiation, Wisom Publications, 1999
- Jinpa, Thupten, Negation, identyfying its object, Leaman, Oliver (編), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, 2006
- Newland, Guy, Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties, 1999
- Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, The Adornment of the Middle Way. Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham, Shambhala, 2005
- Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012
- Rizzi, Cesare, Candrakīrti, Motilal Banarsidass, 1988
- Web-sources
延伸閲讀
- 導論
- Lopez, Introduction; Chapter 2: Svatantrika and Prasangika, A Study of Svatantrika, Snow Lion Publications, 1987
- Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, The Adornment of the Middle Way. Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham, Shambhala, 2005
- Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012
- 印度中觀
- della Santina, Peter. Madhyamaka Schools in India. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. (1986)
- 西藏中觀(主要/次要 參考資料)
- Candrakirti; Ju Mipham, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012 (Candrakirti/Nyingma)
- Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, The Adornment of the Middle Way, Shambhala, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9 (Shantarakshita/Nyingma)
- Tsong Khapa, The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9 (Gelugpa)
- Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama; 14th Dalai Lama; Berzin, Alexander, Session 10, The Gelug/Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra (PDF), Shambhala, 1997 [2021-01-22], （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2021-01-29） (Gelugpa)
- Jang-Gya; Lopez, Donald, A Study of Svatantrika, Snow Lion Publications, 1987 (Gelugpa)
- Brunhölzl, Karl, Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition, Snow Lion Publications, 2004 (Kagyu)
- Cabezon, J. I.; Lobsang Dargyay, Freedom from Extremes. Gorampa's "Distinguishing the View" and the Polemics of Emptiness, Wisdom, 2007 (Sakya)
- 西藏中觀(次要參考資料)
- Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (編), Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?, Wisdom Publications, 2003
- Vose, Kevin Alan, The Birth of Prāsaṅgika: A Buddhist Movement in India and Tibet, University of Virginia, 2005
- Jay L. Garfield (2011), Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. In: Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）, Oxford University Press ( focuses on the debate between Tsongkhapa and Gorampa)
- Phuntsho, Karma. Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither. London: RoutledgeCurzon (2005) ISBN 0-415-35252-5
- Cornu, Philippe, Nawoord, Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties, 2001
