第一次世界大戰期間的德國

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第一次世界大戰期間,德意志帝國是最終戰敗的同盟國之一。 在盟國奧匈帝國塞爾維亞宣戰之後,它開始參與大戰。除了1914年東普魯士入侵的短暫時期之外,德國本土在大部分時間中仍相對免受廣泛入侵。皇家海軍實施的嚴密封鎖導致了德國城市的嚴重食物短缺,尤其是在1916-17年冬季。戰爭結束時,德國的失敗和廣泛的民眾不滿引發了1918-19年的德國革命,這場革命最終推翻了君主制並建立了魏瑪共和國

1914年,與歐洲其他國家的人民類似,德國人民以復雜的情緒應對戰爭爆發。最近的研究挑戰了人們普遍懷有熱情(1914年精神)的理論[1]。由容克地主統治的德國政府將戰爭視為結束被敵對國家法國俄羅斯英國包圍的一種方式。外交大臣伯恩哈德·馮·比洛指出,戰爭是為了使該國獲得「太陽下的一席之地」,公眾普遍的民族主義很容易支持這一點。德國當局希望戰爭能夠使公眾作為君主制國家團結起來,並減輕由德國社會民主黨的迅速發展所帶來的威脅,德國社會民主黨曾是戰前德國帝國議會中最有影響力的政黨。儘管德國社會民主黨加入了第二國際,但它結束了與帝國政府的分歧,放棄了國際主義原則,反而來支持戰爭。

事情很快證明,德國沒有為這場持續數月之久的戰爭做好準備。最初,在德國戰時基礎上沒有採取任何措施來調節經濟。而且在整個戰爭中,德國戰爭經濟的組織狀況仍然很糟糕。德國依賴食品和原材料的進口,但這由於英國對德國的封鎖而被迫終止。首先限制糧食價格,然後實行定量配給。1915年,德國為了生產糧食和保存穀物,豬玀屠殺中屠殺了500萬頭豬。 1916/17年的冬天被稱為「蘿蔔冬天」,因為馬鈴薯收成不好,人們開始吃動物的食物,包括品蘿蔔。在1914年8月至1919年中旬的戰爭中,由於營養不良,疲憊不堪,疾病和絕望率高而導致的平民死亡人數約有474,000人[2][3]

參考資料

  1. ^ Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge U.P., 2000).
  2. ^ N.P. Howard, "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918-19," German History (1993), 11#2, pp. 161-88 online頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) p. 166, with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in 1919.
  3. ^ Hew Strachan. World War 1需要免費註冊. Oxford University Press. 1998: 125. ISBN 9780198206149. 

延伸閱讀

軍事

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The militarism mean the countries need to develop military or army levels From 1880 to 1914,the military expenditure of the six bog powers(viz.Germany,Russia,Austria,Italy,France,and Britain)

國內戰線

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一手資料

外部連結