第一次世界大战期间的德国

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第一次世界大战期间,德意志帝国是最终战败的同盟国之一。 在盟国奥匈帝国塞尔维亚宣战之后,它开始参与大战。除了1914年东普鲁士入侵的短暂时期之外,德国本土在大部分时间中仍相对免受广泛入侵。皇家海军实施的严密封锁导致了德国城市的严重食物短缺,尤其是在1916-17年冬季。战争结束时,德国的失败和广泛的民众不满引发了1918-19年的德国革命,这场革命最终推翻了君主制并建立了魏玛共和国

1914年,与欧洲其他国家的人民类似,德国人民以复杂的情绪应对战争爆发。最近的研究挑战了人们普遍怀有热情(1914年精神)的理论[1]。由容克地主统治的德国政府将战争视为结束被敌对国家法国俄罗斯英国包围的一种方式。外交大臣伯恩哈德·冯·比洛指出,战争是为了使该国获得“太阳下的一席之地”,公众普遍的民族主义很容易支持这一点。德国当局希望战争能够使公众作为君主制国家团结起来,并减轻由德国社会民主党的迅速发展所带来的威胁,德国社会民主党曾是战前德国帝国议会中最有影响力的政党。尽管德国社会民主党加入了第二国际,但它结束了与帝国政府的分歧,放弃了国际主义原则,反而来支持战争。

事情很快证明,德国没有为这场持续数月之久的战争做好准备。最初,在德国战时基础上没有采取任何措施来调节经济。而且在整个战争中,德国战争经济的组织状况仍然很糟糕。德国依赖食品和原材料的进口,但这由于英国对德国的封锁而被迫终止。首先限制粮食价格,然后实行定量配给。1915年,德国为了生产粮食和保存谷物,猪猡屠杀中屠杀了500万头猪。 1916/17年的冬天被称为“萝卜冬天”,因为马铃薯收成不好,人们开始吃动物的食物,包括品萝卜。在1914年8月至1919年中旬的战争中,由于营养不良,疲惫不堪,疾病和绝望率高而导致的平民死亡人数约有474,000人[2][3]

参考资料

  1. ^ Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany (Cambridge U.P., 2000).
  2. ^ N.P. Howard, "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918-19," German History (1993), 11#2, pp. 161-88 online页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) p. 166, with 271,000 excess deaths in 1918 and 71,000 in 1919.
  3. ^ Hew Strachan. World War 1需要免费注册. Oxford University Press. 1998: 125. ISBN 9780198206149. 

延伸阅读

军事

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The militarism mean the countries need to develop military or army levels From 1880 to 1914,the military expenditure of the six bog powers(viz.Germany,Russia,Austria,Italy,France,and Britain)

国内战线

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一手资料

外部链接