亚洲LGBT权益
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亚洲的LGBT权益 | |
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同性性行为 | 57个国家/地区中38个合法 |
性别认同和表达 | 57个国家/地区中21个合法 |
同性伴侣关系 | 57个国家/地区中1个合法 |
限制法规 | 57个国家/地区中1个禁止 |
收养 | 57个国家/地区中2个合法 |
兵役议题 | 57个国家/地区中11个合法 |
反歧视保障 | 57个国家/地区中9个合法 |
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LGBT公民权利 | ||||||
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概况 亚洲 · 非洲 · 欧洲 · 美洲 · 大洋洲 · 欧盟 · 中东自由意志主义 · 共产主义 |
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亚洲LGBT权益是指亚洲的女同性恋者、男同性恋者、双性恋者与跨性别者(LGBT)的权利描述,由于国家和地区数量过多,较难和其他大洲进行比较。亚洲西部至东部,对性少数者的态度在地理上拥有一种从保守到开放的连续性,西亚地区最为保守,东亚地区较为开放。
地域差异
与非洲相较,亚洲的年轻世代或是城市居民对于LGBT的权益看法普遍较为友善;就整体上而言,东亚、南亚和东南亚的性少数者拥有比西亚和中亚的性少数者更多的权益。
另外与历史上欧洲迫害LGBT的记录相比较,亚洲除了西亚外这方面的记录并不多,中国和日本早期甚至还有所谓的男风文化,朝鲜半岛和越南也是少数至今从未立法将LGBT列为非法的国家及地区之二,亚洲的东亚、南亚和东南亚是直到伊斯兰与欧洲殖民者的文化或军事入侵,才开始陆续出现歧视LGBT的现象。
法律制度
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Asia_homosexuality_laws.svg/220px-Asia_homosexuality_laws.svg.png)
同性伴侣合法
(蓝色条纹:给予不具约束力的证明书)
目前同性性行为在至少19个亚洲国家是非法的,主要集中在穆斯林国家。东亚是亚洲目前唯一境内所有国家和地区同性性行均为合法的区域,除了朝鲜以外均拥有公开活动的维权组织,而朝鲜由于历史文化社会原因,对性少数者的限制是东亚最多,没有任何有记录的维权组织发挥社会影响力。
至少有9个亚洲国家或地区允许同性恋者服兵役。其中 中华民国 (台湾)、以色列、塞浦路斯、尼泊尔和泰国为性少数者军人提供更广泛的权益,包括同性伴侣的认可等,其他国家和地区几乎没有对性少数者服役的权益保障,也没有对在工作和教育上对性少数者的岐视,以及允许跨性别者身份性别合法转换的相关立法。
在阿富汗、汶莱、伊朗、沙特阿拉伯和也门的伊斯兰政权统治下,同性恋行为会被处以死刑。[1][2]对于鸡奸行为各国法律有不同的惩罚:有的规定死刑;而有的处罚相对温和如有期徒刑。在一些穆斯林占多数但相对世俗的国家,如印度尼西亚[3]、约旦、土耳其、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦则不依上述手法处理。
有部分亚洲国家开始考虑相应的立法或是用公投的方式来保障LGBT族群的权益,包括塞浦路斯、以色列、泰国、越南、尼泊尔、柬埔寨、日本、韩国、印度以及中华人民共和国。
2017年5月24日,中华民国司法院大法官宣告《民法》未保障同性婚姻的平等自由已违反宪法,须在两年完成保障同性婚姻的相关法律,至2019年5月17日中华民国通过《司法院释字第七四八号解释施行法》后,经时任总统蔡英文公布于2019年5月24日生效,让中华民国成为亚洲第一个同性婚姻合法的国家,也终结了亚洲没有同婚合法国家的记录。
2023年6月27日,尼泊尔最高法院命令政府承认同性婚姻,并自同年11月29日起施行宣布同性婚姻合法化,为亚洲第二个同性婚姻合法化的主权国家,但目前尼泊尔的相关立法还在进行中。
2024年3月27日, 泰国下议院通过同性婚姻合法化法案,泰国参议院在同年6月18日的会议上正式通过,并在泰王御准后120日内成为法律。为亚洲第三个同性婚姻合法化的主权国家。同时也是首个同性婚姻合法化的东南亚国家。
亚洲各国家或地区
东亚
国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性收养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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- ^ 《高等学校学生学籍学历电子注册办法》规定:“学历注册并提供网上查询后,学校不得变更证书内容及注册信息,不再受理学生信息变更事宜。注册信息确有错误的,须经省级教育行政部门审核确认后方可修改。”而性别变更不算注册信息的“错误”。
东南亚
国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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中亚
国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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北亚
国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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西亚
国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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约旦河西岸: | ![]() |
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![]() 根据迪拜酋长国法律违法(刑罚:最高十四年徒刑)根据阿布扎比酋长国法律违法(刑罚:最高十年徒刑)[4] |
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![]() 穿着有关具有异性标准表达和认同的服饰不合法 |
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南亚
国家 / 地区 | 同性性行为 | 同性伴侣关系 | 同性婚姻 | 同性领养 | 在军队公开出柜? | 反歧视法 (性倾向) | 性别认同 / 表达相关法律 |
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![]() + 联合国宣言[4] |
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相关条目
参考资料
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- ^ 63.0 63.1 http://www.kaosgl.com/page.php?id=18860
- ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Bangladesh 2016 Human Rights Report (PDF). state.gov. United States Department of State: 45. [28 March 2017]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-03-07).
Consensual same-sex sexual activity is illegal under Section 377 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, but the law was not enforced.
- ^ Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option
- ^ 同性性行為除罪化 剷除160年英國殖民遺毒. 上报.
- ^ Prakash, Satya. Supreme Court expands definition of family; says it may take form of domestic, unmarried partnerships or queer relationships. Tribune India (Tribune Trust). The Tribune. 29 August 2022 [18 October 2023].
- ^ Being gay still a crime in the military. StratPost. 2009-07-02 [2010-09-05].
- ^ Apr 15, Dhananjay Mahapatra / TNN / Updated:; 2014; Ist, 12:58. Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender' | India News - Times of India. The Times of India. [2022-10-03] (英语).
- ^ In landmark move, Nepal’s govt circular allows same-sex marriage. April 27, 2024 [May 5, 2024].
- ^ Sexual Orientation / Gender Identity References (PDF). U.S. Department of State Human Rights Reports for 2008. [2010-09-30] (英语).
- ^ Lavers, Michael K. New Nepal constitution includes LGBT-specific protections. Washington Blade: LGBTQ News, Politics, LGBTQ Rights, Gay News. 2015-09-19 [2022-10-03] (美国英语).
- ^ Gay Pakistan: Where sex is available and relationships are difficult. BBC News. 2013-08-26 [2022-10-03] (英国英语).
- ^ Pakistan's transvestites to get distinct gender. reuters.
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